Table 1.

Epidemiological studies in children in the last 6 years, showing the relationship between the use of antibiotics and obesity.

Title of the study	Year	Subjects of the study	Final result(s) gathered	Reference
Childhood overweight after establishment of the gut microbiota: the role of delivery mode, pre-pregnancy weight and early administration of antibiotics.	2011	28354 mother-child	Antibiotics in infancy influences the risk of overweight in later childhood	Ajslev et al., 2011
Infant antibiotic exposures and early-life body mass.	2013	11532 children	Exposure to antibiotics during the first 6 months of life was associated with increases in body mass.	Trasande et al., 2013
Antibiotic treatment during infancy and increased body mass index in boys: an international cross-sectional study.	2014	74946 children	Exposure to antibiotics during the first 12 months of life is associated with a small increase in BMI in boys aged 5–8 years	Murphy et al., 2014
Infant antibiotic exposure and the development of childhood overweight and central adiposity	2014	1047 children	Antibiotic use in the first year of life was associated with overweight	Azad et al., 2014
Association of antibiotics in infancy with early childhood obesity.	2014	64580 children	Repeated exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics was associated with early childhood obesity	Bailey et al., 2014
Prenatal exposure to antibiotics, cesarean section and risk of childhood obesity.	2015	436 mother-child dyads	Exposure to antibiotics in the second or third trimester of pregnancy were associated with higher risk of childhood obesity.	Mueller et al., 2015
Prenatal exposure to systemic antibacterials and overweight and obesity in Danish schoolchildren: a prevalence study.	2015	9886 children	Prenatal exposure to systemic antibacterials was associated with an increased risk of overweight and obesity at school age	Mor et al., 2015
Antibiotic exposure in infancy and risk of being overweight in the first 24 months of life.	2015	6114 boys and 5948 girls	Antibiotic exposure before 6 months was associated with increased body mass	Saari et al., 2015
Early Life Antibiotic Exposure and Weight Development in Children.	2016	979 children	Repeated exposure to antibiotics early in life, especially β-lactam agents, is associated with increased weight and height.	Mbakwa et al., 2016
Antibiotic Use and Childhood Body Mass Index Trajectory.	2016	142824 children	Body Mass Index increase	Schwartz et al., 2016
Administration of Antibiotics to Children Before Age 2 Years Increases Risk for Childhood Obesity.	2016	21714 children	Administration of 3 or more courses of antibiotics before age of 2 years was associated with an increased risk of early childhood obesity	Scott et al., 2016