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. 2018 Dec 3;9:1714. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01714

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Copyright © 2018 Loppini, Gizzi, Ruiz-Baier, Cherubini, Fenton and Filippi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Tip trajectories for four combinations of MEF parameters (D₁, G_s) (see Table 3), applying static/dynamic–displacement/traction boundary conditions as indicated in the corresponding inset. Inset color code refers to the magnitude of the displacement field. (A) The last second of simulation is shown for the four cases with localized cores. (B) The last 3 s of simulations are shown highlighting the differences of the meandering. (C) Different times are shown for the four cases since for G_s > 0 the spirals exit the domain soon after initiation. (D) The last 3 s are shown for the case G_s > 0 highlighting the different meandering obtained with respect to G_s = 0. Minor discontinuities are due to the frame resolution for post processing analysis and are not linked to the accuracy of the numerical solution.