Table 2.

Spatiotemporal, variability and kinematic characteristics in gait with maximal speed.

Gait - maximal speed		Baseline		Recovery					Statistic
	Group	BDC-14	BDC-1	R+0	R+7	R+13	R+28	R+90	Interaction group*time	Effect size ${\eta }_{\mathrm{\text{p}}}^2$
SPATIOTEMPORAL PARAMETER
Step length	CTRL	0.99 ± 0.08	1	0.82 ± 0.17*	0.93 ± 0.13*	0.97 ± 0.10≈	1.00 ± 0.07≈	1.01 ± 0.04≈	F(1, 21) = 3.2	0.13
	JUMP	1.01 ± 0.08	1	0.97 ± 0.08≈	0.98 ± 0.08≈	0.99 ± 0.09≈	0.99 ± 0.10≈	0.99 ± 0.08≈	P = 0.04
Step time	CTRL	1.02 ± 0.08	1	1.07 ± 0.12*	0.97 ± 0.06≈	0.96 ± 0.07≈	0.98 ± 0.09≈	0.97 ± 0.08≈	F(1, 21) = 0.9	0.04
	JUMP	1.01 ± 0.10	1	1.01 ± 0.11≈	1.01 ± 0.14≈	0.97 ± 0.11≈	0.96 ± 0.14≈	0.98 ± 0.10≈	P = 0.13
Cadence	CTRL	1.00 ± 0.11	1	0.86 ± 0.12*	0.89 ± 0.10*	0.95 ± 0.13	1.03 ± 0.11≈	1.03 ± 0.09≈	F(1, 21) = 26.8	0.56
	JUMP	1.03 ± 0.12	1	1.03 ± 0.11≈	0.97 ± 0.09≈	0.99 ± 0.08≈	1.04 ± 0.09≈	1.05 ± 0.11≈	P = 0.001
Single support phase (% of GCT)	CTRL	0.99 ± 0.25	1	1.21 ± 0.23≈	1.18 ± 0.20*	0.99 ± 0.27≈	1.09 ± 0.31	0.95 ± 0.27≈	F(1, 21) = 33.0	0.61
	JUMP	1.03 ± 0.17	1	1.03 ± 0.16≈	0.98 ± 0.21≈	0.90 ± 0.23	0.91 ± 0.23	0.91 ± 0.21	P = 0.48
Stance phase (% of GCT)	CTRL	1.01 ± 0.03	1	1.09 ± 0.07*	1.04 ± 0.04*	1.02 ± 0.04	1.01 ± 0.03≈	1.00 ± 0.04≈	F(1, 21) = 2.8	0.12
	JUMP	1.01 ± 0.03	1	1.03 ± 0.02	1.01 ± 0.04≈	1.01 ± 0.03≈	1.04 ± 0.02	0.96 ± 0.06	P = 0.04
Swing phase (% of GCT)	CTRL	0.99 ± 0.04	1	0.88 ± 0.12*	0.93 ± 0.11*	0.98 ± 0.06≈	0.99 ± 0.05≈	1.00 ± 0.05≈	F(1, 21) = 29.1	0.58
	JUMP	1.01 ± 0.05	1	0.98 ± 0.03≈	1.00 ± 0.04≈	1.01 ± 0.05≈	1.01 ± 0.04≈	1.03 ± 0.05≈	P = 0.007
GAIT VARIABILITY
CV step length	CTRL	1.00 ± 0.36	1	1.42 ± 0.37*	1.12 ± 0.35≈	0.95 ± 0.25≈	0.98 ± 027≈	0.98 ± 0.31≈	F(1, 21) = 15.2	0.42
	JUMP	0.95 ± 0.31	1	0.98 ± 0.38≈	0.94 ± 0.20≈	0.95 ± 0.28≈	0.98 ± 0.31≈	1.02 ± 0.52≈	P = 0.008
CV step time	CTRL	1.07 ± 0.40	1	1.64 ± 0.26*	1.17 ± 0.35*	1.22 ± 0.35*	1.06 ± 0.30≈	1.03 ± 0.25≈	F(1, 21) = 49.4	0.70
	JUMP	0.94 ± 0.21	1	0.97 ± 0.43≈	1.02 ± 0.34≈	0.89 ± 0.30≈	1.03 ± 0.41≈	1.02 ± 0.40≈	P < = 0.001
CV stance time	CTRL	1.00 ± 0.49	1	1.44 ± 0.34*	1.22 ± 0.34*	1.23 ± 0.39*	1.23 ± 0.51	1.01 ± 0, 38≈	F(1, 21) = 31.7	0.60
	JUMP	0.98 ± 0.35	1	0.99 ± 0.33≈	1.01 ± 0.52≈	1.06 ± 0.46	1.05 ± 0.40≈	0.95 ± 0.42≈	P = 0.001
GAIT KINEMATICS
Peak ankle plantarflexion at push off	CTRL	0.99 ± 0.04	1	0.92 ± 0.08*	0.93 ± 0.09*	0.97 ± 0.07	0.98 ± 0.05≈	0.99 ± 0.03≈	F(1, 21) = 6.1	0.23
	JUMP	1.01 ± 0.05	1	0.98 ± 0.04≈	1.00 ± 0.04≈	0.99 ± 0.40≈	0.99 ± 0.05≈	1.00 ± 0.05≈	P = 0.02
Peak knee flexion during swing phase	CTRL	0.96 ± 0.15	1	0.63 ± 0.38*	0.74 ± 0.42*	0.85 ± 0.27*	0.88 ± 0.21	0.91 ± 0.28	F(1, 21) = 12.3	0.37
	JUMP	1.07 ± 0.15	1	1.04 ± 0.20≈	1.02 ± 0.25≈	1.01 ± 0.23≈	1.03 ± 0.20≈	0.97 ± 0.15≈	P = 0.009
Minimum foot-to-ground clearance	CTRL	1.07 ± 0.22	1	0.71 ± 0.42*	0.87 ± 0.35*	0.87 ± 0.34*	1.00 ± 0.31≈	0.96 ± 0.29≈	F(1, 21) = 20.0	0.49
	JUMP	0.99 ± 0.32	1	1.00 ± 0.33≈	0.95 ± 0.36≈	1.04 ± 0.37≈	0.93 ± 0.39≈	1.00 ± 0.34≈	P = 0.007
Vertical COM displacement	CTRL	1.08 ± 0.24	1	1.53 ± 0.24*	1.51 ± 0.23*	1.29 ± 0.19*	1.25 ± 0.26*	1.18 ± 0.30*	F(1, 21) = 47.7	0.69
	JUMP	1.00 ± 0.39	1	0.97 ± 0.29≈	0.96 ± 0.33≈	0.94 ± 0.37≈	0.82 ± 0.34≈	0.83 ± 0.37≈	P < 0.001

Results for the JUMP and inactive CTRL for the gait test performed with maximal speed are displayed for the baseline measurements (BDC-14 and BDC-1) and the recovery phase (R+0, R+7, R+13, R+28 and R+90) after bed-rest. Values are normalized to BDC-1. Clustered by spatiotemporal parameter, gait variability and gait kinematics, the findings indicate significant differences for R+0 and R+7 compared to baseline. Values are means ± SE.

^*indicates a significant difference compared to baseline. The ≈ symbol non-inferiority compared to baseline. CV, coefficient of variance; GCT, gait cycle time; COM, center of mass.