Table 3.

Spatiotemporal, variability and kinematic characteristics in gait with preferred speed.

Gait– preferred speed	Baseline		Recovery					Statistics
	Group	BDC-14	BDC-1	R+0	R+7	R+13	R+28	R+90	Interaction group*time	Effect size${\eta }_{\text{p}}^2$
SPATIOTEMPORAL PARAMETER
Gait speed	CTRL	0.98 ± 0.13	1	0.78 ± 0.19*	0.91 ± 0.13*	0.99 ± 0.12≈	0.98 ± 0.12≈	0.98 ± 0.08≈	F(1, 21) = 15.5	0.42
	JUMP	0.99 ± 0.19	1	1.02 ± 0.16≈	1.04 ± 0.16≈	1.06 ± 0.16≈	1.05 ± 0.17≈	1.08 ± 0.18≈	P = 0.01
Double support time	CTRL	1.02 ± 0.19	1	1.41 ± 0.21*	1.18 ± 0.18*	1.04 ± 0.18≈	1.04 ± 0.20≈	1.00 ± 0.13≈	F(1, 21) = 8.2	0.28
	JUMP	1.02 ± 0.23	1	0.99 ± 0.18≈	0.94 ± 0.17≈	0.97 ± 0.20≈	0.96 ± 0.18≈	0.98 ± 0.20≈	P = 0.03
Step length	CTRL	0.96 ± 0.09	1	0.83 ± 0.16*	0.94 ± 0.12	1.00 ± 0.09≈	1.01 ± 0.09≈	1.01 ± 0.05≈	F(1, 21) = 2.4	0.10
	JUMP	0.97 ± 0.13	1	1.00 ± 0.10≈	1.03 ± 0.10≈	1.03 ± 0.11≈	1.02 ± 0.12≈	1.03 ± 0.05≈	P = 0.12
Step time	CTRL	0.99 ± 0.12	1	1.08 ± 0.06	1.04 ± 0.09	1.01 ± 0.06≈	1.03 ± 0.05≈	1.02 ± 0.04≈	F(1, 21) = 0.8	0.04
	JUMP	1.03 ± 0.08	1	0.99 ± 0.08≈	0.98 ± 0.06≈	0.97 ± 0.07≈	0.97 ± 0.07≈	0.96 ± 0.08≈	P = 0.37
Cadence	CTRL	1.04 ± 0.12	1	0.88 ± 0.13*	0.91 ± 0.13*	0.96 ± 0.11	1.00 ± 0.12≈	1.01 ± 0.08≈	F(1, 21) = 6.9	0.25
	JUMP	1.01 ± 0.08	1	0.99 ± 0.12≈	1.03 ± 0.08≈	0.98 ± 0.12≈	1.02 ± 0.10≈	1.04 ± 0.13	P = 0.01
Single support phase (% GCT)	CTRL	1.04 ± 0.15	1	1.25 ± 0.21*	1.19 ± 0.24*	1.07 ± 0.26≈	1.02 ± 0.23≈	1.00 ± 0.20≈	F(1, 21) = 4.5	0.18
	JUMP	0.99 ± 0.20	1	1.00 ± 0.14≈	0.97 ± 0.16≈	0.99 ± 0.15≈	1.00 ± 0.15≈	0.97 ± 0.18≈	P = 0.02
Stance phase (% GCT)	CTRL	1.02 ± 0.03	1	1.08 ± 0.05*	1.04 ± 0.06	1.00 ± 0.07≈	1.01 ± 0.03≈	1.01 ± 0.02≈	F(1, 21) = 3.0	0.13
	JUMP	1.00 ± 0.04	1	1.00 ± 0.02≈	0.99 ± 0.02≈	0.99 ± 0.03≈	1.00 ± 0.03≈	0.99 ± 0.03≈	P = 0.07
Swing phase (% GCT)	CTRL	0.97 ± 0.05	1	0.88 ± 0.10*	0.94 ± 0.06*	1.00 ± 0.10≈	0.98 ± 0.06≈	0.99 ± 0.03≈	F(1, 21) = 7.2	0.26
	JUMP	0.99 ± 0.05	1	1.00 ± 0.04≈	1.01 ± 0.04≈	1.01 ± 0.05≈	1.00 ± 0.04≈	1.02 ± 0.05≈	P = 0.03
GAIT VARIABILITY
CV step length	CTRL	0.99 ± 0.41	1	1.34 ± 0.36*	1.09 ± 0.34	1.03 ± 0.36≈	1.03 ± 0.40≈	1.10 ± 0.43	F(1, 21) = 0.9	0.04
	JUMP	1.03 ± 0.49	1	1.00 ± 0.31≈	1.03 ± 0.40≈	0.97 ± 0.46≈	1.04 ± 0.23≈	0.99 ± 0.39≈	P = 0.21
CV step time	CTRL	1.04 ± 0.31	1	1.60 ± 0.31*	1.21 ± 0.23*	1.10 ± 0.23	0.94 ± 0.23≈	1.03 ± 0.19≈	F(1, 21) = 27.9	0.57
	JUMP	1.04 ± 0.14	1	1.05 ± 0.21≈	1.03 ± 0.23≈	0.90 ± 0.22≈	0.96 ± 0.24≈	1.06 ± 0.14≈	P < 0.001
CV stance time	CTRL	1.04 ± 0.30	1	1.54 ± 0.33*	1.25 ± 0.25*	0.95 ± 0.34≈	0.98 ± 0.33≈	1.01 ± 0.31≈	F(1, 21) = 23.0	0.52
	JUMP	0.98 ± 0.16	1	1.06 ± 0.25	0.94 ± 0.21≈	0.95 ± 0.19≈	0.95 ± 0.36≈	0.96 ± 0.20≈	P < 0.001
GAIT KINEMATICS
Peak ankle plantarflexion at push off	CTRL	0.99 ± 0.04	1	0.91 ± 0.06*	0.94 ± 0.07*	0.96 ± 0.06	0.99 ± 0.05≈	0.99 ± 0.03≈	F(1, 21) = 3.7	0.15
	JUMP	1.00 ± 0.04	1	0.98 ± 0.04≈	1.00 ± 0.04≈	1.00 ± 0.04≈	0.99 ± 0.05≈	1.00 ± 0.04≈	P = 0.04
Peak knee flexion during swing phase	CTRL	0.99 ± 0.02	1	0.95 ± 0.04*	0.98 ± 0.04≈	0.99 ± 0.02≈	1.00 ± 0.02≈	1.00 ± 0.02≈	F(1, 21) = 2.9	0.12
	JUMP	1.00 ± 0.02	1	1.01 ± 0.02≈	1.03 ± 0.04≈	1.00 ± 0.02≈	1.00 ± 0.02≈	0.99 ± 0.03≈	P = 0.02
Minimum foot-to-ground clearance	CTRL	1.02 ± 0.25	1	0.70 ± 0.38*	0.81 ± 0.41*	1.01 ± 0.31≈	0.97 ± 0.24≈	0.98 ± 0.33≈	F(1, 21) = 3.9	0.16
	JUMP	1.01 ± 0.30	1	1.16 ± 0.22	1.10 ± 0.23	1.05 ± 0.39≈	1.01 ± 0.26≈	1.01 ± 0.49≈	P = 0.04
Vertical COM displacement	CTRL	1.06 ± 0.23	1	1.30 ± 0.34*	1.18 ± 0.24*	1.16 ± 0.17*	1.21 ± 0.15*	1.14 ± 0.16≈	F(1, 21) = 28.1	0.57
	JUMP	0.96 ± 0.25	1	1.01 ± 0.26≈	1.01 ± 0.26≈	1.05 ± 0.26≈	1.02 ± 0.29≈	1.02 ± 0.24≈	P < 0.001

Results for the gait test performed at individually preferred speeds are displayed for the JUMP and the inactive CTRL for the baseline measurements (BDC-14 and BDC-1) and the recovery phase (R+0, R+7, R+13, R+28 and R+90) after bed-rest. Values are normalized to BDC-1. Clustered by spatiotemporal parameter, gait variability and gait kinematics the findings indicate significant differences for R+0 and R+7 compared to baseline. Values are means ± SE.

^*indicates a significant difference compared to baseline. The ≈ symbol non-inferiority compared to baseline. CV, coefficient of variance; GCT, gait cycle time; COM, center of mass; Student's t-test.