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. 2018 Dec 3;9:1382. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01382

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

Receptor-dependent and receptor-independent regulation of metabolic and signaling pathways by bile acids in metabolic syndrome. The effects of bile acid-activated receptors FXR and TGR5 on glucose, lipid and energy metabolism as well as on vascular events associated with atherosclerosis. FXR and TGR5 have significant number of currently identified overlapping effects. On the other hand, the effects of UDCA are not associated with activation of these bile acid receptors, instead UDCA exerts various physiological/pharmacological effects which are associated with its specific structural properties.