Fig. 3.

Effect of blueberry extracts on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production (A and B), and on proinflammatory gene expression (C-F) in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Cells were treated with pink blueberry extracts (250 µg/mL) and lowbush blueberry (50 µg/mL) for 1 h and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, one μg/mL), then incubated for 18 h for ROS & NO, incubated 4 h for gene expression, respectivly. Changes in gene expression were measured by comparing mRNA quantity relative to LPS. Vehicle values were obtained in the absence of LPS or test samples; dexamethasone (DEX) was used as positive control at a concentration of 10 μM. Results were expressed as means ± SEM, n = 2 experiments. *p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001 ^****p < 0.0001 vs. the LPS treated group. One-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s post hoc test. PLE = Pink Lemonade; PCH = Pink Champagne; FLR = Florida Rose.