Table 2.
Bivariate Associations of School Connectedness Variables (N=300,000): California Healthy Kids Survey, California, 2013–2014
| Adult Caring (unstandardized scale) | Adult Expectations (unstandardized scale) | Meaningful Participation (unstandardized scale) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| mean | (sd) | p-value | mean | (sd) | p-value | mean | (sd) | p-value | |
| STUDENT-LEVEL VARIABLES | |||||||||
| Parent’s Highest Education Level | |||||||||
| Less than high school degree | 2.61 | (0.86) | < .01 | 2.85 | (0.87) | < .01 | 2.03 | (0.84) | < .01 |
| High school degree | 2.69 | (0.84) | < .01 | 2.93 | (0.84) | < .01 | 2.13 | (0.85) | < .01 |
| Some college | 2.75 | (0.83) | < .01 | 2.99 | (0.82) | < .01 | 2.19 | (0.84) | < .01 |
| College degree | 2.87 | (0.81) | referent | 3.10 | (0.80) | referent | 2.35 | (0.85) | referent |
| Don’t know | 2.59 | (0.83) | < .01 | 2.85 | (0.85) | < .01 | 2.02 | (0.82) | < .01 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| Black | 2.78 | (0.85) | < .01 | 3.01 | (0.86) | < .01 | 2.26 | (0.86) | 0.317 |
| White | 2.90 | (0.82) | referent | 3.10 | (0.80) | referent | 2.31 | (0.85) | referent |
| Hispanic/Latino | 2.66 | (0.85) | < .01 | 2.91 | (0.85) | < .01 | 2.10 | (0.85) | < .01 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 2.76 | (0.77) | < .01 | 3.01 | (0.78) | < .01 | 2.28 | (0.84) | 0.075 |
| Other | 2.76 | (0.84) | < .01 | 2.99 | (0.84) | < .01 | 2.24 | (0.86) | < .01 |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Boy | 2.75 | (0.84) | referent | 2.97 | (0.84) | referent | 2.23 | (0.86) | referent |
| Girl | 2.73 | (0.84) | < .01 | 2.99 | (0.83) | < .01 | 2.15 | (0.85) | < .01 |
| Grade | |||||||||
| 9th | 2.68 | (0.83) | referent | 2.97 | (0.83) | referent | 2.19 | (0.83) | referent |
| 10th | 2.67 | (0.84) | < .01 | 2.91 | (0.85) | < .01 | 2.10 | (0.84) | < .01 |
| 11th | 2.81 | (0.84) | < .01 | 3.00 | (0.83) | < .01 | 2.21 | (0.88) | < .01 |
| 12th | 2.84 | (0.86) | < .01 | 2.96 | (0.86) | < .01 | 2.20 | (0.91) | < .01 |
| SCHOOL-LEVEL VARIABLES | |||||||||
| School-based health center | |||||||||
| No | 2.74 | (0.84) | referent | 2.98 | (0.84) | referent | 2.20 | (0.86) | referent |
| Yes | 2.72 | (0.82) | 0.450 | 2.94 | (0.82) | 0.036 | 2.16 | (0.83) | 0.040 |
| Total size of student body, correlation | −0.01 | 0.087 | −0.01 | 0.082 | −0.01 | < .01 | < .01 | ||
| Percentage of student body that is White, correlation | 0.08 | < .01 | 0.06 | < .01 | 0.07 | < .01 | < .01 | ||
| Percentage of student body eligible for free/reduced price lunch, correlation | −0.09 | < .01 | −0.06 | < .01 | 0.08 | < .01 | < .01 | ||
Note. P-values were derived from multilevel models using Stata’s mixed command.