Table 1.
Characteristics of Cotwins Within BMI Discordant MZ Pairs Stratified by Liver Fat Discordance
| Cotwins With Lower BMI Within LF-Discordant MZ Pairs | Cotwins With Higher BMI Within LF-Discordant MZ Pairs | t Test P Value | Cotwins With Lower BMI Within LF-Concordant MZ Pairs | Cotwins With Higher BMI Within LF-Concordant MZ Pairs | t Test P Value | t Test P Value (Comparing Twins With Higher BMI From Both Groups) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (men/women) | 12 (7/5) | 12 (7/5) | 13 (3/10) | 13 (3/10) | |||
| BMI (kg/m3) | 25.9 ± 1.13 | 32 ± 1.13 | 5.65e−07a | 24.8 ± 1.42 | 29.7 ± 1.42 | 3.63e−06a | 0.181 |
| Weight (kg) | 81.4 ± 6.66 | 98.5 ± 6.3 | 1.82e−06a | 71 ± 4.42 | 87.9 ± 4.99 | 0.000239a | 0.2062 |
| Waist (cm) | 88.2 ± 4.71 | 104 ± 4.5 | 0.000168a | 79.3 ± 2.61 | 94.3 ± 1.75 | 0.000792a | 0.06105 |
| Fat (%) | 29.3 ± 3.12 | 38.7 ± 1.85 | 0.000367a | 32.6 ± 2.63 | 41.5 ± 2.01 | 8.13e−05a | 0.3248 |
| Android fat (%) | 34.9 ± 4.71 | 48.8 ± 2.04 | 0.00236a | 38.8 ± 3.39 | 50.3 ± 1.93 | 0.0031a | 0.6086 |
| Gynoid fat (%) | 35.8 ± 4.16 | 43.7 ± 2.64 | 0.0044a | 41.6 ± 2.64 | 47.9 ± 2.25 | 0.00221a | 0.2506 |
| Subcutaneous fat (cm3) | 3690 ± 620 | 5920 ± 606 | 8.34e−06a | 3740 ± 604 | 6070 ± 652 | 2.14e−05a | 0.8631 |
| Intra-abdominal fat (cm3) | 1100 ± 361 | 2270 ± 419 | 9.02e−05a | 591 ± 125 | 1010 ± 135 | 0.000422a | 0.002722a |
| Liver fat (%) | 1.78 ± 0.643 | 8.64 ± 1.42 | 7.23e−06a | 0.717 ± 0.255 | 0.891 ± 0.199 | 0.0605 | 7.158e−09a |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.27 ± 0.129 | 5.38 ± 0.155 | 0.278 | 5.02 ± 0.0732 | 5.15 ± 0.133 | 0.334 | 0.2723 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 33.2 ± 4.88 | 68.1 ± 12.7 | 0.00205a | 27.2 ± 4.19 | 37.8 ± 5.84 | 0.145 | 0.0154a |
| HOMA-IR | 1.32 ± 0.206 | 2.81 ± 0.606 | 0.00307a | 1.02 ± 0.167 | 1.48 ± 0.245 | 0.0981 | 0.02641a |
| Matsuda index | 8.82 ± 1.69 | 4.07 ± 0.493 | 0.00253a | 9.62 ± 1.22 | 7.59 ± 0.945 | 0.296 | 0.004969a |
| Insulin secretion index | 100 ± 19.8 | 144 ± 24.8 | 0.109 | 166 ± 65.7 | 248 ± 125 | 0.324 | 0.8035 |
| Oral disposition index | 86.1 ± 13.4 | 65.5 ± 12.7 | 0.141 | 231 ± 130 | 250 ± 118 | 0.785 | 0.0846 |
| Baecke sport index | 3.32 ± 0.25 | 2.16 ± 0.2 | 0.00835a | 2.58 ± 0.227 | 2.56 ± 0.268 | 0.796 | 0.2425 |
| ASAT (U/L) | 26.4 ± 1.05 | 30.5 ± 1.86 | 0.0359a | 22 ± 1.52 | 21.9 ± 1.03 | 0.846 | 0.00031a |
| ALAT (U/L) | 24 ± 2.31 | 39.3 ± 6.02 | 0.00879a | 19.8 ± 2.49 | 19.6 ± 1.82 | 0.842 | 0.001033a |
| GT (U/L) | 21 ± 3.62 | 41.3 ± 9.71 | 0.0516 | 14.1 ± 2.81 | 14 ± 1.5 | 0.719 | 0.02139a |
| Systolic BP (mm HG) | 125 ± 3.34 | 128 ± 3.88 | 0.183 | 118 ± 2.71 | 119 ± 2.63 | 0.729 | 0.0715 |
| Diastolic BP (mm HG) | 78.8 ± 2.67 | 82.3 ± 2.43 | 0.143 | 78 ± 2.17 | 80 ± 2.22 | 0.279 | 0.4783 |
| Pulse (L/min) | 66.9 ± 4.14 | 73.8 ± 4.25 | 0.0464a | 64.8 ± 2.84 | 67 ± 3.56 | 0.377 | 0.2305 |
| Weekly alcohol consumption (doses) | 4.92 ± 2.32 | 8.34 ± 3.3 | 0.557 | 7 ± 4.84 | 5.85 ± 2.61 | 0.579 | 0.5944 |
| Smokers | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||
| Oral contraceptive users | 2 | 1 | 5 | 5 |
Values are mean ± SE. Differences between cotwins with higher compared with lower BMI within BMI-discordant MZ pairs were estimated with paired t tests, and differences between the two groups of twins with higher BMI with a t test for unrelated samples (final column). The formulas used for calculation of the used indices are as follows:
HOMA-IR (23): FPG(mmol/L) × FPI(μU/mL)/22.5
QUICKI (24): 1 / [FPI(μU/mL)log + FPG(mg/dL)log]
Matsuda index (25): 10.000 / √[FPG × FPI(μU/mL) × Glucose(mg/dL)OGTT mean × Insulin(μU/mL)OGTT mean]
Insulin secretion index (26): [Insulin(pmol/L)30 min – Insulin(pmol/L)0 min] / [Glucose(mmol/L)30 min – Glucose(mmol/L)0 min]
Oral disposition index (27): Insulin secretion index / HOMA-IR
Liver IR (28): Glucose(mmol/L)AUC0–30 × Insulin(μU/mL)AUC0–30
Adipocyte IR (29): Fasting fatty acids × FPI(μU/mL)
Abbreviations: ALAT, alanine aminotransferase; ASAT, aspartate aminotransferase; BP, blood pressure; CRP, C-reactive protein; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FPI, fasting plasma insulin; GT, gamma-glutamyltransferase; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.
a P < 0.05.