Table 2.
Total expenditure for the top five classes of antibiotics based on ACT-4 at different levels of healthcare institutions in Shandong, 2012–2016 (million US$).
| Institutions | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATC | Expenditure | ATC | Expenditure | ATC | Expenditure | ATC | Expenditure | ATC | Expenditure | |
| Tertiary hospital | J01DC | 234.7 | J01DD | 233.2 | J01DD | 297.5 | J01DD | 386.2 | J01DD | 397.6 |
| J01DD | 231.6 | J01DC | 184.1 | J01DC | 245.8 | J01DC | 268.1 | J01DH | 319.4 | |
| J01MA | 126.8 | J01MA | 147.1 | J01MA | 191.7 | J01DH | 234.6 | J01DC | 266.5 | |
| J01DB | 117.9 | J01CR | 130.1 | J01CR | 147.1 | J01CR | 234.4 | J01CR | 257.2 | |
| J01CR | 102.6 | J01DB | 105.5 | J01DH | 139.4 | J01MA | 233.6 | J01MA | 234.8 | |
| Secondary hospital | J01DD | 211.9 | J01DD | 205.1 | J01DD | 226.8 | J01CR | 322.8 | J01CR | 353.7 |
| J01DC | 168.6 | J01DC | 168.1 | J01DC | 223.5 | J01DD | 301.0 | J01DD | 317.5 | |
| J01CR | 139.3 | J01CR | 146.7 | J01CR | 208.5 | J01DC | 277.6 | J01DC | 255.7 | |
| J01DF | 114.2 | J01DB | 101.4 | J01CA | 133.4 | J01CA | 192.4 | J01CA | 189.3 | |
| J01DB | 104.9 | J01CA | 94.1 | J01DB | 117.9 | J01DB | 135.8 | J01DB | 142.8 | |
| Rural PHC | J01DD | 110.2 | J01DD | 128.3 | J01CR | 161.9 | J01CR | 156.5 | J01CR | 146.3 |
| J01FA | 84.9 | J01FA | 107.4 | J01DC | 137.1 | J01DC | 142.2 | J01DC | 131.8 | |
| J01DC | 79.1 | J01DC | 95.9 | J01DD | 109.4 | J01DD | 103.1 | J01DD | 95.5 | |
| J01CR | 79.0 | J01CR | 93.6 | J01FA | 109.0 | J01FF | 92.6 | J01FF | 80.7 | |
| J01CE | 58.7 | J01DB | 69.8 | J01MA | 78.4 | J01FA | 83.6 | J01FA | 77.8 | |
| Urban PHC | J01DD | 10.1 | J01DD | 12.2 | J01DC | 17.0 | J01DC | 19.0 | J01DC | 26.3 |
| J01DC | 9.4 | J01FA | 12.1 | J01CR | 13.5 | J01CR | 15.7 | J01CR | 24.1 | |
| J01FA | 9.0 | J01DC | 11.7 | J01FA | 13.0 | J01MA | 12.2 | J01FA | 17.5 | |
| J01CR | 7.2 | J01CR | 10.2 | J01MA | 11.2 | J01DD | 12.0 | J01DD | 16.0 | |
| J01DB | 5.5 | J01CE | 5.7 | J01DD | 10.7 | J01FA | 11.7 | J01MA | 16.0 | |
Based on the average exchange rate in 2016, 1 US$, 6.64 RMB. ATC-4, the 4th level of ATC which is classified according to chemical subgroup; PHC, Primary healthcare center. J01CA, Penicillin with an extended spectrum; J01CE, Beta-lactamase sensitive penicillin; J01CR, Combinations of penicillin, incl. beta-lactamase inhibitors, J01DB, First-generation cephalosporins, J01DC, Second-generation cephalosporins; J01DD, Third-generation cephalosporins; J01DF, Monobactams; J01DH, Carbapenems, J01FA, Macrolides; J01FF, Lincosamides; J01MA, Fluoroquinolones.