Table 1.

Examples of fluorescent d-amino acid (FDAA) applications in recent studies. The subheadings classify the use of FDAAs in the experimental designs of these studies

Article Title	Article Citation
Developing d-amino acid–based probes for peptidoglycan study
In situ probing of newly synthesized peptidoglycan in live bacteria with fluorescent d-amino acids.	Kuru et al. (15)
d-Amino acid chemical reporters reveal peptidoglycan dynamics of an intracellular pathogen.	Siegrist et al. (97)
Reconstitution of peptidoglycan cross-linking leads to improved fluorescent probes of cell wall synthesis.	Lebar et al. (98)
Synthesis of fluorescent d-amino acids and their use for probing peptidoglycan synthesis and bacterial growth in situ.	Kuru et al. (54)
d-Amino acid probes for penicillin binding protein-based bacterial surface labeling.	Fura et al. (99)
Metabolic profiling of bacteria by unnatural C-terminated d-amino acids.	Pidgeon et al. (100)
Metabolic remodeling of bacterial surfaces via tetrazine ligations.	Pidgeon & Pires (101)
Full color palette of fluorescent d-amino acids for in situ labeling of bacterial cell walls.	Hsu et al. (62)
Identifying the formation and/or structure of peptidoglycan
Discovery of chlamydial peptidoglycan reveals bacteria with murein sacculi but without FtsZ.	Pilhofer et al. (102)
De novo morphogenesis in L-forms via geometric control of cell growth.	Billings et al. (103)
A new metabolic cell-wall labelling method reveals peptidoglycan in Chlamydia trachomatis.	Liechti et al. (73)
Anammox planctomycetes have a peptidoglycan cell wall.	van Teeseling et al. (104)
Pathogenic Chlamydia lack a classical sacculus but synthesize a narrow, mid-cell peptidoglycan ring, regulated by MreB, for cell division.	Liechti et al. (105)
Studying bacterial morphogenesis and peptidoglycan growth pattern
Peptidoglycan transformations during Bacillus subtilis sporulation.	Tocheva et al. (106)
Site-directed fluorescence labeling reveals a revised N-terminal membrane topology and functional periplasmic residues in the Escherichia coli cell division protein FtsK.	Berezuk et al. (107)
Salinity-dependent impacts of ProQ, Prc, and Spr deficiencies on E. coli cell structure.	Kerr et al. (108)
Cell separation in Vibrio cholerae is mediated by a single amidase whose action is modulated by two nonredundant activators.	Möll et al. (109)
Rod-like bacterial shape is maintained by feedback between cell curvature and cytoskeletal localization.	Ursell et al. (52)
Cell shape dynamics during the staphylococcal cell cycle.	Monteiro et al. (110)
Molecular modeling, simulation, and virtual screening of MurD ligase protein from salmonella typhimurium LT2.	Samal et al. (111)
Short-stalked Prosthecomicrobium hirschii cells have a Caulobacter-like cell cycle.	Williams et al. (112)
Treadmilling by FtsZ filaments drives peptidoglycan synthesis and bacterial cell division.	Bisson-Filho et al. (5)
Dynamics of the peptidoglycan biosynthetic machinery in the stalked budding bacterium Hyphomonas neptunium.	Cserti et al. (63)
Hydrolysis of peptidoglycan is modulated by amidation of meso-diaminopimelic acid and Mg2+ in B. subtilis.	Dajkovic et al. (113)
Staphylococcus aureus requires at least one FtsK/SpoIIIE protein for correct chromosome segregation.	Veiga & Pinho (114)
GTPase activity–coupled treadmilling of the bacterial tubulin FtsZ organizes septal cell wall synthesis.	Yang et al. (66)
Short FtsZ filaments can drive asymmetric cell envelope constriction at the onset of bacterial cytokinesis.	Yao et al. (115)
Determining peptidoglycan synthesis activity and sites
Divin: a small molecule inhibitor of bacterial divisome assembly.	Eun et al. (116)
Peptidoglycan synthesis machinery in Agrobacterium tumefaciens during unipolar growth and cell division.	Cameron et al. (117)
Interplay of the serine/threonine-kinase StkP and the paralogs DivIVA and GpsB in pneumococcal cell elongation and division.	Fleurie et al. (118)
MapZ marks the division sites and positions FtsZ rings in Streptococcus pneumoniae.	Fleurie et al. (119)
Sequential evolution of bacterial morphology by co-option of a developmental regulator.	Jiang et al. (81)
Pbp2x localizes separately from Pbp2b and other peptidoglycan synthesis proteins during later stages of cell division of S. pneumoniae D39.	Tsui et al. (120)
Endopeptidase-mediated β-lactam tolerance.	Dörr et al. (121)
Roles for both FtsA and the FtsBLQ subcomplex in FtsN-stimulated cell constriction in E. coli.	Liu et al. (122)
A d,d-carboxypeptidase is required for Vibrio cholerae halotolerance.	Möll et al. (123)
The bacterial tubulin FtsZ requires its intrinsically disordered linker to direct robust cell wall construction.	Sundararajan et al. (124)
Lipid-linked cell wall precursors regulate membrane association of bacterial actin MreB.	Schirner et al. (125)
MreC and MreD proteins are not required for growth of S. aureus.	Tavares et al. (126)
The cell wall amidase AmiB is essential for Pseudomonas aeruginosa cell division, drug resistance and viability.	Yakhnina et al. (127)
Lyme disease and relapsing fever Borrelia elongate through zones of peptidoglycan synthesis that mark division sites of daughter cells.	Jutras et al. (128)
Structure–function analysis of the extracellular domain of the pneumococcal cell division site positioning protein MapZ.	Manuse et al. (129)
Roles of the essential protein FtsA in cell growth and division in S. pneumoniae.	Mura et al. (130)
FtsZ-dependent elongation of a coccoid bacterium.	Pereira et al. (131)
Colanic acid intermediates prevent de novo shape recovery of E. coli spheroplasts, calling into question biological roles previously attributed to colanic acid.	Ranjit & Young (132)
Subcompartmentalization by cross-membranes during early growth of Streptomyces hyphae.	Yagüe et al. (133)
Pentapeptide-rich peptidoglycan at the B. subtilis cell-division site.	Angeles et al. (134)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis protease MarP activates a peptidoglycan hydrolase during acid stress.	Botella et al. (135)
B. subtilis swarmer cells lead the swarm, multiply, and generate a trail of quiescent descendants.	Hamouche et al. (136)
Deciphering the mode of action of cell wall-inhibiting antibiotics using metabolic labeling of growing peptidoglycan in Streptococcus pyogenes.	Sugimoto et al. (137)