Table 2.

Differential associations of forms of adverse childhood experiences with different types of pain

Adverse childhood experience	Any pain M (SD)	T (df)	Cohen’s d	Bodily pain M (SD)	T (df)	Cohen’s d	Headache M (SD)	T (df)	Cohen’s d	Back/neck pain M (SD)	T (df)	Cohen’s d
Bullying		9.2 (2,476)***	0.67		7.9 (2,476)***	0.52		7.2 (2,476)***	0.47		8.0 (2,476)***	0.52
Yes (N=270)	1.37 (1.4)			1.05 (1.3)			2.67 (2.7)			2.43 (2.5)
No (N=2,208)	0.74 (1.0)			0.55 (0.9)			1.56 (2.3)			1.43 (1.9)
Emotional abuse		14.4 (2,475)***	1.23		13.5 (2,475)***	1.13		9.5 (2,475)***	0.77		9.7 (2,475)***	0.81
Yes (N=462)	1.92 (1.7)			1.59 (1.7)			3.40 (2.9)			2.96 (2.5)
No (N=2,015)	0.73 (1.0)			0.53 (0.9)			1.57 (2.3)			1.44 (1.9)
Physical abuse		12.5 (2,480)***	1.04		12.7 (2,480)***	1.04		5.3 (2,480)***	0.45		8.7 (2,480)***	0.67
Yes (N=309)	1.78 (1.7)			1.53 (1.6)			2.65 (2.8)			2.81 (2.4)
No (N=2,173)	0.74 (1.0)			0.53 (0.9)			1.62 (2.4)			1.45 (1.9)
Sexual abuse		11.4 (2,481)***	0.84		11.9 (2,481)***	0.93		7.8 (2,481)***	0.58		6.5 (2,481)***	0.46
Yes (N=343)	1.64 (1.7)			1.42 (1.6)			3.00 (2.7)			1.47 (1.9)
No (N=2,140)	0.74 (1.0)			0.53 (0.9)			1.58 (2.4)			2.44 (2.4)
Emotional neglect		9.4 (2,445)***	0.60		9.2 (2,445)***	0.61		4.6 (2,445)***	0.29		6.7 (2,445)***	0.40
Yes (N=1,027)	1.32 (1.5)			1.07 (1.4)			2.26 (2.6)			2.21 (2.3)
No (N=1,420)	0.7 (0.9)			0.5 (0.9)			1.60 (2.4)			1.44 (1.9)
Physical neglect		10.6 (2,475)***	0.51		11.0 (2,475)***	0.53		2.6 (2,475)*	0.12		7.49 (2,475)***	0.37
Yes (N=1,028)	1.22 (1.4)			0.99 (1.3)			1.92 (2.5)			2.08 (2.2)
No (N=1,449)	0.69 (0.9)			0.48 (0.8)			1.62 (2.4)			1.39 (1.8)

Note:

^*P<.05,

^***P<.001, pain as measured by the POLO pain scale.

Abbreviations: Cohen’s d, effect size; M, mean; N, number of participants; POLO, Polytrauma Outcome; T, t-test value; df, degrees of freedom.