Table 2.

Change in counts of bacteria in milk during breast massage

	Before massage				After massage
	Engorgement site		Mastitis site		Engorgement site		Mastitis site
	log10 cells/mL	Prevalence	log10 cells/mL	Prevalence	log10 cells/mL	Prevalence	log10 cells/mL	Prevalence
Clostridium coccoides group	ND		ND		ND		0.3	1/14
C. leptum subgroup	ND		0.8	1/14	1	1/14	0.5
Bacteroides fragilis group	ND		ND	1/14	ND		ND
Bifidobacterium	1.6	2/14	2.2±0.5a	3/14	1.3	2/14	2.2±0.3	3/14
Atopobium cluster	1.5	2/14	3.1	1/14	2.3	1/14	0.7	2/14
Prevotella	2.3	1/14	2.5	1/14	ND		0.7	2/14
C. perfringens	ND		ND		ND		ND
Total Lactobacillus	0.9±0.3	4/14	0.6	2/14	1.5±0.9	3/14	0.8	2/14
Enterobacteriaceae	0.3	1/14	0.5	1/14	ND		0.6	1/14
Enterococcus	ND		ND		ND		ND
Streptococcus	2.7±1.0*	14/14	3.3±1.4*	14/14	2.5±0.9*/**	14/14	2.7±0.6*	14/14
Staphylococcus	1.5±0.7	13/14	1.6±1.0	14/14	1.3±0.8	12/14	1.6±0.7	10/14
Pseudomonas	ND		ND		ND		ND

Notes:

^aData are expressed as mean and SD.

^*P<0.01, as obtained by comparison with Staphylococcus using the Mann–Whitney U-test;

^**P=0.056, as obtained by comparison with the sample before massage on engorgement site using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Abbreviation: ND, not detected.