Table 2.
Item Loadings across Three Factors
| Item | Factor | ‘Never’ | Non-‘Never’ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | M (SD) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| 7. I saw violations of rules of engagement | .69 | .04 | .04 | 1.93 (0.81) | 110 (33.5) |
216 (65.9) |
| 8. I was involved in violations of rules of engagement | .84 | −.07 | .05 | 1.71 (0.77) | 154 (47.0) |
174 (53.0) |
| 10. I was involved in the death(s) of an innocent in the war | .67 | .12 | .01 | 1.77 (0.82) | 146 (44.5) |
182 (55.5) |
| 11. I failed to save the life of someone in the war | .53 | .19 | .19 | 1.71 (0.84) | 172 (52.4) |
155 (47.3) |
| 15. I was involved in violence that was out of proportion to the event | .83 | .01 | −.04 | 1.79 (0.82) | 146 (44.5) |
181 (55.2) |
| 16. I saw the death(s) of children | .37 | .29 | .19 | 1.68 (0.84) | 178 (54.3) |
150 (45.7) |
| 17. I was involved in the death(s) of children | .99 | −.07 | −.23 | 1.73 (0.77) | 150 (45.7) |
178 (54.3) |
| 19. I was sexually assaulted | .93 | −.23 | −.06 | 1.80 (0.80) | 136 (41.5) |
191 (58.2) |
| 22. I saw a “friendly-fire” incident | .56 | .15 | .13 | 1.80 (0.87) | 149 (45.4) |
179 (54.6) |
| 23. I was involved in a “friendly-fire” incident | .90 | −.06 | −.01 | 1.72 (0.80) | 156 (47.6) |
170 (51.8) |
| 24. I destroyed civilian property unnecessarily during the war | .62 | .29 | −.19 | 1.80 (0.77) | 129 (39.3) |
198 (60.4) |
| 26. I made mistakes in the war zone that led to injury or death | .77 | .10 | −.16 | 1.75 (0.95) | 134 (40.9) |
192 (58.5) |
| 27. I came to realize during the war that I enjoyed violence | .64 | .02 | .06 | 1.84 (0.90) | 145 (44.2) |
183 (55.8) |
| 6. I had an encounter(s) with the enemy that made him/her seem more “human” and made my job more difficult | .03 | .41 | .29 | 1.96 (0.90) | 120 (36.6) |
208 (63.4) |
| 9. I saw the death(s) of an innocent in the war | −.01 | .86 | −.09 | 2.01 (0.82) | 97 (29.6) |
231 (70.4) |
| 13. I survived when others didn’t | .12 | .58 | −.04 | 2.00 (0.81) | 95 (29.0) |
233 (71.0) |
| 18. I experienced tragic warzone events that were chaotic and beyond my control | −.16 | .92 | .03 | 2.06 (0.91) | 99 (30.2) |
227 (69.2) |
| 21. I felt betrayed or let-down by trusted civilians during the war | .27 | .46 | −.05 | 1.94 (0.81) | 108 (32.9) |
220 (67.1) |
| 25. Seeing so much death has changed me | −.02 | .61 | .14 | 1.97 (0.95) | 127 (38.7) |
199 (60.7) |
| 1. Things I saw in the war left me feeling betrayed or let-down by military/political leaders | −.23 | −.07 | .97 | 2.15 (1.00) | 110 (33.5) |
218 (66.5) |
| 2. Things I experienced in the war left me feeling betrayed or let-down by military/political leaders | −.22 | −.01 | .95 | 2.11 (0.95) | 102 (31.1) |
225 (68.6) |
| 4. There were times in the war that I saw revenge/retribution for things that happened | .19 | .21 | .35 | 2.09 (0.87) | 88 (26.8) |
239 (72.9) |
| Deleted Items | ||||||
| 3. I did things in the war that betrayed my personal values | 1.98 (0.92) | 127 (38.7) |
200 (61.0) |
|||
| 5. There were times in the war that I engaged in revenge/retribution for things that happened | 1.78 (0.88) | 160 (48.8) |
168 (51.2) |
|||
| 12. I had to make decisions in the war at times when I didn’t know the right thing to do | 1.96 (0.87) | 120 (36.6) |
208 (63.4) |
|||
| 14. I saw violence that was out of proportion to the event | 1.82 (0.90) | 154 (47.0) |
174 (53.0) |
|||
| 20. I sometimes treated civilians more harshly than was necessary | 1.91 (0.82) | 114 (34.8) |
214 (65.2) |
|||
Note. Factor 1 = [Atrocities of war], Factor 2 = [Psychological consequences of war], and Factor 3 = [Leadership failure or betrayal]. The 22 items that comprise the three-factor model are presented here, with five items dropped due to cross-loadings.