Figure 4.

The effect of leaf litter (native oak or eucalypt) and temperature (15°C indicated by blue dashed line or 20°C indicated by solid red line) on: (A) the first and second (B) components of principal component analysis from antioxidant activities data, (C) reduced-to-oxidized glutathione (GSH-to-GSSG) ratio. Positive values in (A) indicate increases in the activity of glutathione reductase and reductions in the activity of catalase. Negative values in (B) indicate increases in the activity of superoxide dismutase and decreases in the activity of glutathione peroxidase. (D) Effect of leaf litter type and predator presence or absence in malondialdehyde levels (in nmol/ml) in Rana temporaria larvae. Data are estimated marginal mean ± standard error.