Table 2.
Prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in breast-fed and formula fed infants with different HLA-DQ genotype at 7 days, 1 month and 4 months of age.
|
p value, |
|||||||||||||
| Breast feeding |
Formula feeding |
Breast feeding |
Formula feeding |
||||||||||
| Pathogen |
Age |
LR |
IR |
HR |
LR |
IR |
HR |
p A |
p B |
p C |
p A |
p B |
p C |
| 7 D | 9/24 (37.5) | 9/36 (25.0) | 6/13 (46.2) | 8/12 (66.7) | 9/15 (60.0) | 6/9 (66.7) | 0.455 | 0.872 | 0.285 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| C. perfringens | 1 M | 9/27 (33.3) | 9/38 (23.7) | 4/13 (30.8) | 11/16 (68.8) | 10/21 (47.6) | 4/12 (33.3) | 0.565 | 1.000 | 0.891 | 0.342 | 0.140 | 0.665 |
| 4 M | 5/15 (33.3) | 7/25 (28.0) | 3/6 (50.0) | 15/27 (55.6) | 15/27 (55.6) | 8/17 (47.1) | 1.000 | 0.831 | 0.583 | 1.000 | 0.811 | 0.811 | |
| 7 D | 5/24 (20.8) | 10/36 (27.8) | 6/13 (46.2) | 5/12 (41.7) | 4/15 (26.7) | 3/9 (33.3) | 0.761 | 0.218 | 0.387 | 0.681 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| C. difficile | 1 M | 6/27(22.2) | 9/38 (23.7) | 6/13 (46.2) | 5/16 (31.3) | 8/21 (38.1) | 4/12 (33.3) | 1.000 | 0.239 | 0.237 | 0.933 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| 4 M | 3/15 (20.0) | 4/25 (16.0) | 4/6 (66.7) | 13/27 (48.1) | 15/27 (55.6) | 6/17 (35.3) | 1.000 | 0.124 | 0.043 | 0.785 | 0.600 | 0.317 | |
| 7 D | 2/24 (8.3) | 3/36 (8.3) | 0/13 (0.0) | 1/12 (8.3) | 1/15 (6.7) | 1/9 (11.1) | 1.000 | 0.758 | 0.690 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| Shigella group | 1 M | 2/27 (7.4) | 5/38 (13.2) | 1/13 (7.7) | 0/16 (0.0) | 4/21 (19.0) | 1/12 (8.3) | 0.741 | 1.000 | 0.977 | 0.189 | 0.883 | 0.748 |
| 4 M | 0/15 (0.0) | 3/25 (12.0) | 0/6 (0.0) | 2/27 (7.4) | 4/27 (14.8) | 3/17 (17.6) | 0.438 | — | 0.901 | 0.665 | 0.579 | 1.000 | |
| Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC) | 7 D | 1/24 (4.2) | 2/36 (5.6) | 1/13 (7.7) | 0/12 (0.0) | 3/15 (20.0) | 2/9 (22.2) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.304 | 0.334 | 1.000 |
| 1 M | 5/27 (18.5) | 6/38 (15.8) | 1/13 (7.7) | 1/16 (6.3) | 0/21 (0.0) | 3/12 (25.0) | 1.000 | 0.671 | 0.791 | 0.890 | 0.391 | 0.974 | |
| 4 M | 1/15 (6.7) | 0/25 (0.0) | 4/6 (66.7) | 4/27 (14.8) | 1/27 (3.7) | 6/17 (35.3) | 0.794 | 0.019 | <0.001 | 0.348 | 0.227 | 0.018 | |
| Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC) | 7 D | 2/24 (8.3) | 4/36 (11.1) | 3/13 (23.1) | 1/12 (8.3) | 0/15 (0.0) | 0/9 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0.454 | 0.552 | 0.909 | 1.000 | — |
| 1 M | 1/27 (3.7) | 2/38 (5.3) | 2/13 (15.4) | 3/16 (18.8) | 0/21 (0.0) | 0/12 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0.501 | 0.566 | 0.144 | 0.332 | — | |
| 4 M | 0/15 (0.0) | 1/25(4.0) | 0/6 (0.0) | 1/27 (3.7) | 4/27 (14.8) | 1/17 (5.9) | 1.000 | — | 1.000 | 0.348 | 1.000 | 0.674 | |
| C. jejuni | 7 D | 2/24 (8.3) | 3/36 (8.3) | 0/13 (0.0) | 0/12 (0.0) | 0/15 (0.0) | 0/9 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0.758 | 0.690 | — | — | — |
| 1 M | 2/27 (7.4) | 0/38 (0.0) | 1/13 (7.7) | 1/16 (6.3) | 2/21 (9.5) | 0/12 (0.0) | 0.330 | 1.000 | 0.570 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.730 | |
| 4 M | 0/15 (0.0) | 4/25 (16.0) | 1/6 (16.7) | 3/27 (11.1) | 0/27 (0.0) | 0/17 (0.0) | 0.276 | 0.627 | 1.000 | 0.235 | 0.418 | — | |
1
Data are expressed as prevalence (positive/total). The percentage of positive samples is shown in parentheses.
2
Genetic risk of developing CD was established according to the HLA-DQ genotype. Low risk, LR; Intermediate risk, IR; High risk, HR.
3
Differences were calculated with the Chi-square test with the Yates' correction. p A comparison between LR vs IR; p B comparison between LR and HR; p C comparison between IR vs HR. Significant differences were established at p<0.05. Low risk, LR; Intermediate risk, IR; High risk, HR. 7 days, 7 D; 1 month, 1 M; 4 months, 4.