Table 2.

Stillbirth Frequencies and Rates by Individual- and Area-Level Covariates (Black n = 49969; White n = 71785).

	Black stillbirths	Black stillbirth rate per 1000^a	White stillbirths	White Stillbirth rate per 1000^a	P value^b
Total	336	6.7	209	2.9	< 0.001
Maternal age					< 0.001
< 18 years	25	7.7	6	5.2
18–24 years	131	6.1	63	3.5
25–29 years	62	5.2	54	2.9
30–34 years	64	8.1	38	1.9
35–40 years	40	9.2	36	3.0
40 + years	14	10.7	12	3.9
Insurance type					< 0.001
Other	82	12.6	36	4.6
Public	154	5.8	59	4.1
Private	100	5.8	114	2.2
Marital status					< 0.001
Missing	34	25.9	14	7.9
Divorced	5	8.0	6	4.6
Single	229	6.3	68	4.0
Married	68	5.7	121	2.3
Smoking during pregnancy					0.013
Yes	37	9.1	32	4.7
No/Unknown	299	6.5	177	2.7
Alcohol use during pregnancy					0.024
Yes	8	8.3	12	9.2
No/Unknown	328	6.6	197	2.7
Body mass index					< 0.001
≥ 30	56	6.3	13	2.2
25- < 30	49	6.3	18	2.3
18.5- < 25	71	5.7	39	1.7
< 18.5	10	8.4	4	1.6
Unknown	150	7.4	135	4.0
Preconception disease					< 0.001
Yes	81	10.2	34	4.9
No	255	6.0	175	2.6
Prior pregnancy risk					< 0.001
Yes	87	7.6	38	3.1
No	215	6.3	154	2.8
Unknown	34	7.1	17	2.7
Current pregnancy risk					< 0.001
Yes	124	15.9	81	11.7
No	212	5.0	128	1.9
Prior Stillbirth					< 0.001
Yes	8	9.0	2	4.1
No	134	6.0	44	1.8
Unknown	194	7.1	163	3.4
Current dissimilarity index					< 0.001
Low	53	3.2	59	2.8
Moderate	119	8.3	89	2.8
High	164	8.4	61	3.1
Current isolation index					< 0.001
Low	25	2.7	43	1.8
Moderate	139	7.1	107	3.3
High	172	8.0	59	3.5
Persistent dissimilarity index					< 0.001
Stay Low	108	5.6	37	2.6
Stay Mod	33	5.2	64	2.4
Stay High	164	8.4	61	3.1
Decrease	31	5.8	47	3.9
Persistent Isolation Index					< 0.001
Stay Low	17	3.8	41	1.9
Stay Mod	94	7.3	35	4.0
Stay High	172	8.0	59	3.5
Decrease	12	2.1	34	2.6
Increase	41	7.0	40	3.3
Temperature					< 0.001
Low	67	14.5	51	6.7
Moderate	189	5.2	146	2.3
High	80	8.3	12	4.5
Poverty					0.30
Above Median	190	8.2	89	2.6
Below Median	146	5.4	120	3.0
Change in poverty					< 0.001
Above Median	91	5.8	117	2.6
Below Median	245	7.1	92	3.3
Ozone					< 0.001
Above Median	201	8.0	127	3.5
Below Median	135	5.3	83	2.3

Stillbirth rates category specific and do not equal overall stillbirth rate.

P-values obtain using generalized estimating equations to account for women who had more than one pregnancy in the study.