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. 2018 Dec 10;8:17746. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36082-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Measured transmission loss for a waveguide with connected grating couplers on both ends as a function of waveguide length. The waveguide propagation loss is 18.8 dB/cm and the coupling loss per coupler is 3.95 dB. The inset shows a scanning electron micrograph of a fabricated coupler. The bridges (yellow false color) are electrical contacts that can be used to electrically contact the waveguide. Our simulations show that the effect of these contacts on the optical properties of the coupler is completely negligible. (b) Transmission spectrum for a waveguide with two grating couplers for 1 mm connecting waveguide.