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. 2018 Dec 10;8:17759. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36009-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Photograph of a 4 × 4 mm Nanopatch held with tweezers in front of a Nanopatch wafer. (b) Representative image of secondary electron (SE) detector SEM of uncoated Nanopatch projections at a 45° tilt. (c) Representative image of backscatter electron (BSE) detector SEM of a coated Nanopatch. (d) Representative BSE detector SEM of a coated Nanopatch applied on full thickness ex vivo human skin and removed. (i) Dissolved coating representing the extent of skin penetration, and (ii) skin fragments lodged on microprojections are indicated as shown. Images shown in (a–d) are different patches but from the same wafer.