. 2018 Dec 4;5:340. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00340

Table 1.

Strength of evidence for laboratory biomarkers in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus in humans.


EXPERIMENTAL BIOMARKERS	VALIDATED BIOMARKERS	CLINICALLY USEFUL BIOMARKERS
- Neurons (anti-neuronal Ab)^{s, c} - Brain reactive autoantibodies (anti-BRAAs)^s	- Neurons (anti-neuronal Ab)^s
- Gangliosides (anti-GA)^{s, c} - Neurofilament (anti-α-internexin)^{s, c} - Microtubule-associated protein 2 (anti-MAP2)^{s, c} - Glial fibrillary acid protein (anti-GFAP)^{s, c} - N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (anti-NMDA, NR2A/B)^{s, c} - Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptors (anti-GABA)^{s, c} - Serum lymphocytotoxic antibodies (anti-LCA)^s - Triosephosphate isomerase (anti-TPI)^s - Brain synaptosomal (anti-BS)^s - CNS tissue (anti-CNS)^s - Hsp70 (anti-Hsp70-71)^s - Alpha-tubulin (anti-α-tubulin)^s - Peroxiredoxin (anti-PRDX4)^s - Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal Hydrolase isozyme L1 (anti UCH-L1)^s - Splicing factor arginine/serine-rich 3 (anti-SFRS3)^s - Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (anti-BDNF)^s - Aquoporin 4 (AQP-4)^s - Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)^s
- SSA/Ro (anti-SSA)^{s, c} - Cardiolipin (aCL)^s	- Lupus anticoagulant^s - Ribosomal proteins (anti-ribosomal P)^s	- Lupus anticoagulant^s
- Lupus anticoagulant (LAC)^s - Ribosomal proteins (anti-ribosomal P)^{s, c} - Sm (anti-Sm)^c - U1-RNP (anti-U1-RNP)^c - Endothelial cells, Nedd5 (anti-Nedd5)^s - Heparan sulfate (anti-HS)^s - C1q (anti-C1q)^s - Histone H1, H2B, and H3^s - S 100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B)^s - Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL)^s - Nitrate nucleosomes (NN)^s
- Interleukins: IL-1^{s, c}, IL-6^{s, c}, IL-8^c, IL-10^c, IL-17^c	- IL-6^c	- IL-6^c
- Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) ^{s, c} - Interferon-alpha (IFN-α)^c - Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)^c - A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) ^c - B-cell activating factor of TNF family (BAFF)^{s, c} - Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1)^c - Fractalkine (CX₃CL1)^c - RANTES (CCL5)^c - Monokine induced by IFN-γ (MIG)^c - Interferon-gamma-inducible 10-kd protein (IP-10)^c - Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)^c - P-selectin^c - Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)^c - α-Klotho^c - Kinin system components (Kininogen fractions, kallikreins, and kininase II)^{s, c} - Matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9)^{s, c} - Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1)^c - Prolactin (PRL)^c - Soluble terminal complement complex (TCC)^{s, c} - C3 and C4^{s, c} - Fluid phase terminal complement complexes (SC5b-9)^{s, c} - Quotient of alpha2 macroglobulin (Qα2MG)^c

Biomarkers were grouped into three groups: exploratory biomarkers (any biomarker proposed as candidate for diagnosing NP-SLE), validated biomarkers (biomarkers with stronger evidence about an association with NP-SLE, including meta-analysis), and clinically useful biomarkers (biomarkers widely and routinely tested in clinical practice). The type of biomarker is indicated in colors: red for neural cells and constituents, violet for ubiquitous cellular components and green for a miscellaneous group including interleukins, chemokines, hormones, and complement components. c: CSF; s: serum.