Table 1.
Characteristics of included 36 studies.
| Study | Species (Sex, n = trial/control group) | Weight | Modeling approach | Anesthetic | Intervention | Outcome measure | Intergroup Differences | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trial group | Control group | |||||||
| 1. You et al., 2000 | Kunming mice (male,10/10) | 25 ± 2 g | Cognitive impairment induced by i.p. SCOP (1 mg/kg); by i.g. 30% ethanol (0.1 ml/10 g); by s.i. sodium nitrite (120 mg/kg) | NR | R. rosea L., i.g. 200 mg/kg/day for 30 days before the model | Normal saline | 1. Error latency in SDT 2. Error latency in DAT |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.01 |
| 2. Jiang et al., 2001 | Wistar rats (male, 8/8) | 445.35 ± 625.73 g | Cognitive Impairment induced by i.p SCOP (2 mg/kg) | NR | R. rosea L., i.m. 15 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks before the model | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. The number of errors in SDT 3. Ach, ChAT 4. LPO, SOD |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 |
| 3. Liu et al., 2003 | BALB/c mice (male, 10/10) | 20–25 g | Cognitive impairment induced by i.p SCOP; | No need | Rhodiola henryi Extract, i.g. 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 g/kg/day for 30 days before the model | Distilled water | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. The number of errors in DAT |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.01 |
| BALB/c mice (male, 10/10) | 20–25 g | Pre-treatment with normal mice | No need | Rhodiola henryi Extract, i.g. 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 g/kg/day for 30 days | Distilled water | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. The number of errors in DAT 3. The number of errors in SDT |
1. P < 0.05 2. P > 0.05 3. P > 0.05 |
|
| 4. Xie, 2003 | Wistar rats (male, 10/10) | 131.7 ± 12.2 g | AD model induced by bilateral hippocampal injection Aβ 1−40 and i.p. D-gal | 2.5% pentobarbital sodium (40 nmg/kg) | R. rosea L., i.p. 15 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks accompanying the model | Normal saline | 1. Reaction time in Y maze 2. Escape latency in one step through test 3. AchE |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.01 |
| 5. Wu et al., 2004 | Kunming mice (male and female, 12/12) | 18–20 g | Cognitive impairment induced by i.p SCOP (2 mg/kg) | NR | R. rosea L. extract, i.g. 1.27, 3.81, 11.41 g/kg/day for 2 weeks before the model | CMC-Na | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. AchE |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.01 |
| 6. Shi et al., 2006 | mice (male, 10/10) | NR | Cognitive impairment induced by i.p SCOP (5 mg/kg) | NR | R. rosea L. extract, i.g. 3.81 g/kg/day for 3 weeks before the model | CMC-Na | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. AchE 3. SOD, MDA, MAO |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.01 3. P < 0.01 |
| 7. Deng, 2006 | ICR mice (male and female, 27/28) | 20 ± 2 g | Cognitive impairment induced by i.p SCOP (2 mg/kg) | No need | R. rosea L., i.g. 0.1, 0.6 g/kg/day for 15 days before the model | Distilled water | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. The number of errors in SDT |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.01 |
| 8. Chen, 2008 | Wistar rats (male, 8/8) | 250 g | Bilateral permanent occlusion of the common carotid arteries | 0.4% pentobarbital sodium (1 ml/100 g) | R. rosea L., i.g. 5 g/kg/day for 28 days after the model | Distilled water | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. The number of target platform crossings 3. Time spent in target quadrant 4. SOD, MDA 5. AchE 6. Neuronal apoptosis |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 |
| 9. Wang et al., 2008 | SD rats (male, 12/11) | 250–300 g | AD model induced by D-gal +AlCl3+SCOP | NR | R. rosea L., i.g. 5 g/kg/day for 4 weeks after the model | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. The number of target platform crossings 3. Time spent in target quadrant 4. CAT, GSH-Px |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 |
| 10. Cao, 2009 | SD rats (male, 12/12) | 250 ± 20 g | AD model induced by D-gal +AlCl3 +SCOP | 10% chloral hydrate (3.5 ml/kg) | R. rosea L., i.g. 5 g/kg/day for 28 days after the model | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. The number of target platform crossings 3. Time spent in target quadrant 4. AchE 5. NOS 6. Bax, Bcl-2 |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.01 3. P < 0.01 4. P < 0.01 5. P < 0.01 6. P < 0.01 |
| 11. Ji et al., 2009 | SD rats (male,12/11) | 250–300 g | AD model induced by D-gal +AlCl3 +SCOP | NR | R. rosea L., i.g. 10 g/kg/day for 4 weeks after the model | Distilled water | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. The number of target platform crossings 3. Time spent in target quadrant |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 |
| 12. Liu, 2009 | SD rats (male, 11/11) | 240–300 g | Cerebralhypoperfusion by MCAO for 3 h | 4% chloral hydrate (1 ml/100 g) | R. rosea L.,i.p. 12 mg/day for 10 days before the model | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. Time spent in target quadrant 3. Ach |
1. P > 0.05 2. P > 0.05 3. P < 0.01 |
| 13. Qu et al., 2009 | SD rats (male, 12/12) | 240–260 g | AD model induced by bilateral ICV with STZ (1.5 mg/kg) | 1% pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg) | R. rosea L. crenulate extracts, i.g. 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 mg/kg, twice a day for 21 days before the model | CMC-Na | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. Time spent in target quadrant 3. GSH, GR, MDA 4. ATP, COX 5. Neuronal apoptosis 6. Caspase-3, NeuN |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 |
| 14. Zou et al., 2009 | SD rats (male, 15/15) | 300 ± 20 g | VD model induced by bilateral CCAO for 10 min | 10% chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg) | R. rosea L., i.p. 12 mg/kg/day for 7 days before surgery | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. Time spent in target quadrant 3. SOD, MDA 4. TNF-α |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 |
| 15. Mao et al., 2010 | C57BL/6J mice (female, 10/10) | 5-month-old mice | Aging model induced by s.i. D-gal (50 mg/kg) | NR | R. rosea L., i.g. 1 g /kg/day for 8 weeks accompanying the model | PBS | 1. The number of errors in SDT 2. GFAP, NT-3 3. Splenic T Lymphocyte 4. Proliferation and IL-2 Activity |
1. P > 0.05 2. P < 0.01 3. P < 0.01 |
| 16. Zhao et al., 2010 | Wistar rats (male, 10/10) | 200–250 g | DM model induced by i.p. STZ | No need | R. rosea L., i.g., 50 mg/kg for 12 weeks after the model | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. The number of target platform crossings 3. Time spent in target quadrant |
1. P < 0.01 2. P > 0.05 3. P < 0.05 |
| 17. Yang et al., 2011b | SD rats (male, 8/8) | 190–250 g | Status epilepticus model induced by i.p. lithium chloride + pilocarpine | NR | R. rosea L., i.p. 1 g/kg/day for 7 days (1 day before the model) | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. Time spent in target quadrant 3. SOD, MDA, GSH,GSH-Px |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 |
| 18. Yang et al., 2011a | SD rats (male, 10/10 | 180–220 g | Hypobaric hypoxia | NR | R. rosea L., i.p. 1 g/kg/day for 34 days accompanying the model | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. Time spent in target quadrant 3. SOD, MDA, GSH, GSH-Px |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 |
| 19. Sun et al., 2012 | Wistar rats (male, 9/8) | 350 ± 20 g | AD model induced by D-gal+AlCl3+SCOP | NR | R. rosea L., i.g. 5 g/kg/day for 4 weeks after the model | Distilled water | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. The number of target platform crossings 3. Time spent in target quadrant |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 |
| 20. Wang et al., 2012 | Wistar rats (male, 5/5) | 190–230 g | Sleep deprivation induced by MMPM | Ethyl ether | R. rosea L., i.g. 180 mg/kg/day until sacrifice (10 days before the model) | Normal saline | 1. Reaction time in Y maze | 2. P < 0.05 |
| 21. Zhang S. et al., 2012 | ICR mice (male and female, 10/10) | 21.4 ± 2 g | Cognitive impairment induced by i.p. SCOP (1 mg/kg); by i.g. 40% ethanol (0.2 ml) | NR | R. rosea L. compound i.g. 1.2 g/kg/day for 28 days before the model | Normal saline | 1. Time spent in target quadrant of MWM 2. SOD, NO |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 |
| 22. Zhang X.X. et al., 2012 | SD rats (male, 6/6) | 240–270 g | Sleep deprivation induced by MMPM | 0.4% pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg) | R. rosea L., i.p. 10 ml/kg/day for 3 days before the model | Normal saline | 1. Reaction time in Y maze 2. The number of errors 3. SOD, MDA 4. Neuronal apoptosis 5. AchE |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 |
| 23. Zhang et al., 2013 | SD rats (male, 8/8) | 300 ± 15 g | AD model induced by bilateral hippocampal injection A β 1−40 with 10 ug | 1% pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg) | R. rosea L., i.p. 25, 50, 75 mg/kg/day for 21 days after the model | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. The number of target platform crossings 3. Time spent in target quadrant 4. SOD, MDA, GSH-Px 5. Ach, AchE 6. NADH/NADPH 7. nuclear factor κB |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.01 3. P < 0.01 4. P < 0.01 5. P < 0.01 6. P < 0.01 7. P < 0.01 |
| 24. Qi et al., 2013 | SD rats (male, 10/10) | 180–200 g | Hypobaric hypoxia | NR | R. rosea L., i.g. 1 g/100 g, twice a day for 2 weeks before the model | Normal saline | 1. AAR retention 2. Neuronal apoptosis |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 |
| 25. Wang et al., 2013 | Kunming mice (male and female, 10/10) | 18–22 g | VD model by bilateral CCAO for 20 min*2 | 4%chloralhydrate(400 mg/kg) | R. rosea L., i.g. 60 mg/kg/day for 25 days after the model | Distilled water | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. The number of errors in SDT 3. NOS, NO |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.01 3. P < 0.01 |
| 26. Yan et al., 2015 | SD rats (male, 12/12) | 240 ± 20 g | VD model by bilateral permanent CCAO | isoflurane | R. rosea L., i.p. 20 mg/kg/day for 35 days (1 day before the model) | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. Time spent in target quadrant 3. Caspase-3 4. Bax/Bcl-2 |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 |
| 27. Barhwal et al., 2015 | SD rats (male, 12/12) | 220 ± 10 g | Hypobaric hypoxia | NR | R. rosea L., i.g. 25 mg/kg/day for 22 days (8 days before the model) | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. The number of target platform crossings 3. Time spent in target quadrant 4. NADH/NADPH |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.01 3. P < 0.01 4. P < 0.01 |
| 28. Vasileva et al., 2016 | Wistar rats (male, 10/10) | 160–200 g | Scopolamine-impaired memory model | No need | R. rosea L., i.g., 50, 100 mg/kg for 12 days after the model | Normal saline | 1. Escape times in AAR 2. Number of intertrial crossings in AAT |
1. P > 0.05 2. P > 0.05 |
| 29. Ge et al., 2017 | Wistar rats (male, 9/9) | NR | Hypobaric hypoxia | No need | R. rosea L., i.g., 40 mg/kg for 28 days after the model | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. The number of target platform crossings |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 |
| 30. Liu et al., 2017a | SD rats (male, 10/10) | 260 ± 20 g | AD model induced by i.h. NaN3 | NR | R. rosea L., i.g., 15 mg/kg for 28 days after the model | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. Time spent in target quadrant 3. AKT, GSK-3β 4. (p-AKT, p-GSK-3β) 5. Bax, Bcl-2 |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 |
| 31. Liu et al., 2017b | SD rats (male, 10/10) | 260 ± 20 g | VD model induced by CCAO | 10% chloral hydrate | R. rosea L., i.g., 15 mg/kg for 28 days after the model | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. Time spent in target quadrant 3. SOD, MDA 4. p38 5. Caspase-3 |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 |
| 32. Wei, 2017 | SD rats (male, 10/10) | 230 ± 25 g | PTSD model induced by single prolonged stress | 1% pentobarbital sodium | R. rosea L., i.g., 25, 50, 75 mg/kg for 14 days after the model | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. The number of target platform crossings 3. Neuronal apoptosis 4. SOD, MDA 5. Bax, Bcl-2, Synapsin I, p-CREB |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 |
| 33. Yang et al., 2017 | SD rats (male, 16/16) | 250 ± 24 g | AD model induced by bilateral hippocampal injection Aβ 1−40 | 1% pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg i.p.) | R. rosea L., i.g., 25, 50, 100 mg/kg for 21 days after the model | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. The number of target platform crossings 3. Aβ 4. p75NTR, p-JNK |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.01 3. P < 0.01 4. P < 0.01 |
| 34. Guo et al., 2017 | Kunming mice (male/female, 30/30) | 21.4 ± 2.2 g | Hypobaric hypoxia | No need | R. rosea L., i.g., 200 mg/kg for 56 days after the model | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. Time spent in target quadrant 3. Bax, Bcl-2 |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 |
| 35. Yang, 2017 | Wistar rats (male, 10/10) | 200–250 g | DM model induced by i.p. STZ | 1% pentobarbital sodium | R. rosea L., i.g., 50 mg/kg for 84 days after the model | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. The number of target platform crossings 3. SOD, MDA |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 |
| 36. Xiong and Gao, 2017 | Wistar rats (male,15/15) | 257 ± 29 g | VD model induced by CCAO | 10% chloral hydrate | R. rosea L., i.g., 10 mg/kg for 28 days after the model | Normal saline | 1. Escape latency in MWM 2. The number of target platform crossings 3. Time spent in target quadrant 4. SOD, MDA, MAO 5. COX-2, NF- κB |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P > 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 |
AAR, active avoidance reaction; Ach, acetylcholine; AchE, Acetyl cholinesterase;AD, Alzheimer's disease; AlCl3, aluminum trichloride; CCAO, common carotid artery occlusion; ChAT, acetylcholine transferase; CMC-Na, sodium carboxymethylcellulose; DAT, dark avoidance test; D-gal, D-galactose; DM:Diabetes mellitus; ICV, intracerebroventricular injection; i.g., intra-gastrical injection; i.m.:intramuscular injection; i.p., intra-peritoneal injection; i.h., hypodermic injection; LPO, lipid peroxide; MWM, Morris water maze; MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion; MDA, Malondialdehyde; MMPM, modified multiple platform method; NR, not report; SCOP:scopolamine; MCAO:middle cerebral artery occlusion; PBS, phosphate buffer saline; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SDT, step down test; s.i., subcutaneous injection; STZ, streptozotocin; SOD, superoxide dismute; VD, vascular dementia.