Figure 3.

Lysosomal “inside-out” activation of mTORC1. Both growth factors and amino acids are required for a full activation of mTORC1 at the lysosome. Positive regulators of mTORC1 are shown in blue (when activated by growth factors) and in green when activated by amino acids). RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase; mTORC1, mTOR complex 1; mTORC2, mTOR complex 2; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; PTEN, Phosphatase and TENsin homolog; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; REDD1, Regulated in DNA damage and development 1; Rheb-GTPase, Ras homology enriched in brain-GTPase; Rag, Ras-related GTP-binding protein; LAT1, L-type amino acid transporter 1; 4F2hc, CD98 heavy subunit protein; Gln, glutamine; Leu, leucine; Arg, arginine.