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. 2018 Dec 4;6:190. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00190

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Copyright © 2018 Cimmino, Rossano, Netti and Ventre.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Dynamic substrates for the selective release of ligands in response to applied potentials. (A) A SAM presenting a RGD ligand tethered to an electroactive quinone ester. Upon application of the negative voltage causes reduction of the quinone to the corresponding hydroquinone, a cyclization reaction gives a lactone with the release of the RGD ligand. (B) A SAM presenting a RGD ligand tethered to an electroactive O-silyl hydroquinone. Application of the positive voltage causes electrochemical oxidation to give a benzoquinone, with the hydrolysis of the silyl ether and the ligands. Effects of the selective electrochemical release of ligands on cell adhesion. (C) Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts adhere to circular patterns containing either electroactive O-silyl hydroquinone or quinone ester. (D) After application of 650 mV potential, cells detached only from regions presenting the electroactive O-silyl hydroquinone. (E) The application of −650 mV potential caused cell release of cells from the regions presenting the electroactive quinone ester only. (F) The subsequent application of a potential of −650 mV (D) or 650 mV (E) results in an additional release of cells. Reprinted (adapted) with permission from Yeo and Mrksich (2006). Copyright 2006 American Chemical Society.