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. 2018 Dec 4;6:190. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00190

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Copyright © 2018 Cimmino, Rossano, Netti and Ventre.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic illustration of the temperature-responsive behavior of PNIPAM. In aqueous solution and above LCST, PNIPAM is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions excluding water (A). This causes FN adsorption and cell adhesion. Conversely cooling below the LCST promotes water inflow and FN release with consequent cell detachment (B). Confluent layers of adhering cells can detach from PNIPAM-grafted substrates when decreasing temperature from 37 to 20°C (C). Reprinted from Tang and Okano (2014).