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. 2018 Dec 4;9:2869. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02869

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Copyright © 2018 Uthayakumar, Paris, Chapat, Freyburger, Poulet and De Luca.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Approaches to investigate BCG NSEs. After designing a model to study trained innate immunity in vitro, -omics studies help to identify the global cellular pathways involved. The variations in gene expression are assessed both at the transcriptomic level and at the epigenetic level and then confirmed at the protein level. The modifications of cell metabolism and effector functions are also various angles by which to grant NSEs biological plausibility. The last step consists in narrowing down these modifications in order to find protective biomarkers which can be applied in vivo in clinical settings.