Table 1.

Summary of FE models of the infant head.

Study	Age of Infant being Modelled	Anatomic Features Modelled	Purpose and Application	FE Code
Margulies and Thibault (2000)	1 Month	Skull, suture, brain	Impact loading to investigate the effect of cranial bone properties.	LS-Dyna
Coats et al. (2007)	5 Weeks	Skull, suture, brain	Study skull fracture from occipital impacts	ABAQUS/Explicit
Roth et al. (2007)	6 Months	Skull, fontanels, CSF, scalp, brain, bridging veins	Compare vigorous shaking and inflicted impact.	Not Stated
Roth et al. (2008)	6 Months	Scalp, skull, face, sutures, CSF, brain	Comparison of child head model from CT scans and scaled adult head. Impact against rigid wall.	Radioss
Roth et al. (2010)	17 Days	Scalp, skull, sutures, meninges, CSF, brain	FE model of newborn head, with validation against experimental data.	Radioss
Li et al. (2013b)	1.5 and 3 Months	Scalp, skull, sutures, dura mater, CSF, brain	Create statistical head geometry. Parametric study to determine material parameter sensitivity.	LS-Dyna
Li et al. (2013a)	6 Months	Scalp, skull, suture, dura mater, pia mater, CSF, brain	Investigate effects of different drop heights and impact surfaces.	LS-Dyna
Li et al. (2015a)	From (Li et al., 2013b)	From (Li et al., 2013b)	Reconstruct 50 cadaver drop tests using parametric infant FE head model.	LS-Dyna
Li et al. (2017)	New-born, 5 and 9 Months	Scalp, skull, suture, dura mater, CSF, brain	Addition of nonlinear material models. Head impact and compression simulation.	LS-Dyna