Figure 2.

Behavioral results OPA-training and NPA-learning. Average group-level behavioral results. (Upper) Normalized path length (or Path efficiency, PE, in blue) and time needed to find the cue (in orange) for each block, both during OPA and NPA learning blocks. (Lower) Associative wallpaper-face memory was tested after every fourth OPA block. OPA, NPA and associative performance significantly improved over blocks, revealing robust learning. Importantly, NPA learning (NPA blocks 2 and 3) was significantly faster than OPA learning (OPA blocks 2 and 3), as supported by a significant condition × block interaction.