Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in meta-analysis of catecholamines in post-traumatic stress disorder.
| Study | Sample | Hormone | Country | Trauma type | Controls | Female | Mean age | PTSD assessment | Collection time | Method | IEV | IAV | Frozen | Quality | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glover and Poland, 2002 | Urinary | DA | USA | Cancer | TC | 14(100.0%) | 42.0 ± 6.1 | DSM-IV | 24 h | RIA | 10.30% | 6.70% | −80°C | 6 | |
| De Bellis et al., 1994 | Urinary | NE/EPI/DA | USA | Abuse | NTC | 12(100.0%) | 11.5 ± 2.4 | DSM-III-R | 24 h | GC-MS | 5.20% | 6.30% | −70°C | 8 | |
| De Bellis et al., 1999 | Urinary | NE/EPI/DA | USA | Abuse | NTC | 8(44.4%) | 10.4 ± 1.4 | DSM-IV | 24 h | HPLC | 3.00% | 5.00% | −80°C | 7 | |
| Lemieux and Coe, 1995 | Urinary | NE/EPI/DA | USA | Combat | TC | 11(100.0%) | 35.3 ± 6.3 | DSM-III-R | 24 h | HPLC | 6.10% | 3.80% | NR | 5 | |
| Osuch et al., 2009 | Urinary | NE/EPI/DA | Canada | •Mixed | TC | 8(88.9%) | 41.4 ± 12.3 | DSM-IV(CAPS) | 24 h | HPLC | NR | NR | NR | 5 | |
| •trauma | |||||||||||||||
| Spivak et al., 1999 | Urinary | NE/EPI/DA | Israel | Combat | NTC | 0(0%) | 33.1 ± 7.4 | DSM-III-R | 24 h | HPLC | 5.00% | 5.00% | −20°C | 7 | |
| Wingenfeid et al., 2015 | Urinary | NE/EPI/DA | USA | •Mixed | NTC | 25(12.6%) | 57.4 ± 11.0 | DSM-IV(CAPS) | 24 h | HPLC | NR | NR | 0°C | 5 | |
| •trauma | |||||||||||||||
| Delahanty et al., 2000 | Urinary | EPI | USA | Accident | NTC | 36(36.4%) | 37.3 ± 17.5 | DSM-IV | 15 h | HPLC | NR | NR | 0°C | 4 | |
| Murburg et al., 1995 | Plasma | EPI | USA | Combat | NTC | 0(0%) | 42.2 ± 3.7 | DSM-III-R | PM | 16:00 | SIEA | 6.50% | 5.00% | −70°C | 7 |
| Vidović et al., 2011 | Plasma | EPI | Croatia | Combat | NTC | 0(0.0%) | 42.5 ± 6.3 | DSM-IV(CAPS) | PM | 9:00 | HPLC | 8.00% | 9.00% | NR | 5 |
| Yahyavi et al., 2015 | Plasma | NE/EPI | Iran | Combat | TC | 0(0%) | 47.0 ± 5.7 | DSM-IV-TR | PM | 16:00 | ELISA | NR | NR | 0°C | 6 |
| Chung et al., 2008 | Plasma | NE/EPI | USA | Combat | NTC | 0(0%) | 51.1 ± 2.5 | DSM-IV(CAPS) | AM | NR | HPLC | NR | NR | NR | 4 |
| Rhind et al., 2017 | Plasma | NE/EPI | Canada | Combat | TC | 0(0%) | 36.3 ± 5.6 | DSM-IV(CAPS) | PM | NR | RIA | NR | NR | NR | 5 |
| Glover and Poland, 2002 | Urinary | NE/EPI | USA | Cancer | TC | 14(100.0%) | 42.0 ± 7.5 | DSM-IV | 24 h | NR | NR | NR | NR | 4 | |
| Jensen et al., 1997 | Plasma | NE/EPI | USA | Combat | TC | 2(28.6%) | 35.0 ± 8.0 | DSM-III-R | AM | 9:00 | RIA | NR | NR | NR | 3 |
| Liberzon et al., 1999 | Plasma | NE/EPI | USA | Combat | TC | 0(0%) | 46.4 ± 3.2 | DSM-III-R | AM | NR | HPLC | 3.00% | 5.00% | 0°C | 8 |
| McFall et al., 1990 | Plasma | NE/EPI | USA | Combat | TC | 0(0%) | 40.5 ± 2.1 | DSM-III-R | PM | 17:30 | SIEA | 6.50% | 5.00% | −70°C | 8 |
| McFall et al., 1992 | Plasma | NE/EPI | USA | Combat | TC | 0(0%) | 40.3 ± 2.3 | DSM-III-R | PM | 17:30 | SIEA | 6.50% | 5.00% | −70°C | 7 |
| Mellman et al., 1995 | Urinary | NE | USA | Combat | NTC | 0(0%) | 40.3 ± 3.6 | DSM-III-R | 24 h | HPLC | NR | NR | −70°C | 5 | |
| Geracioti et al., 2008 | Plasma | NE | USA | Combat | NTC | 0(0%) | 41.0 ± 9.0 | DSM-III-R | 24 h | HPLC | 5.90% | 8.00% | −80°C | 6 | |
| Lemieux et al., 2008 | Urinary | NE | USA | Abuse | NTC | 12(100.0%) | 30.3 ± 6.4 | DSM-III-R | 24 h | HPLC | NR | NR | NR | 4 | |
| Videlock et al., 2008 | Plasma/Urinary | NE | Israel | •Mixed | TC | 15(49.0%) | 31.2 ± 11.6 | DSM-IV(CAPS) | 24 h | HPLC | NR | NR | NR | 4 | |
| •trauma | |||||||||||||||
| von Kaenel et al., 2010 | Plasma | NE | USA | •Mixed | TC | 4(27.0%) | 58.3 ± 7.4 | DSM-IV(CAPS) | PM | 12:30 | HPLC | 1.30% | 1.60% | NR | 5 |
| •trauma | |||||||||||||||
| Bierer et al., 2006 | Urinary | NE | USA | Attacks | TC | 19(59.3%) | 42.1 ± 10.1 | DSM-IV | 24 h | HPLC | NR | NR | NR | 5 | |
| Yatham et al., 1996 | Plasma | NE | Canada | Combat | NTC | 10(62.5%) | 25.5 ± 12.4 | DSM-III-R | AM | 20:30 | HPLC | 6.80% | 10.80% | −70°C | 6 |
| Yehuda et al., 1998 | Plasma | NE | USA | Combat | NTC | 0(0%) | 43.9 ± 2.6 | DSM-III-R | AM | 8:00 | HPLC | 13.00% | 5.20% | NR | 4 |
| Zhang et al., 2014 | Plasma | NE | China | •Mixed | TC | 11 (73.3%) | 43.0 ± 10.0 | DSM-IV(PCL-C) | AM | 8:00 | ELISA | NR | NR | −70°C | 6 |
| •trauma | |||||||||||||||
Characteristics of eligible studies are show in each independent case, reported the following characteristics: trauma type, control type, PTSD participants: trauma type, mean, and SD (mean, SD) of age of participants, sex distribution of participants, catecholamines collection time, catecholamines collection, and assay methods, inter-assay variation, intra-assay variation, sensitivity, and storage temperature. TC, trauma-exposed controls; NTC, non-trauma-exposed Controls; RIA, radioimmunoassay; ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; HPLC, High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; CAPS, clinician-administered PTSD scale; NR, not report; USA, United States of America; DSM, Diagnostic, and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Single isotope enzymatic assay, SIEA; Interassay variation, IEV; Intraassay variation, IAV; DA, dopamine; EPI, epinephrine; NE, norepinephrine; 24 h, used 24-h urine sampling as a measure of catecholamines.