Table 2.

The main outcomes from studies assessing the microbiome in coeliac disease (upper small bowl mucosal biopsies and faecal stream analysis)

Association with coeliac disease compared with control	Reference
Dysbiosis and ↑ diversity in adults and children	76, 81–84
No unifying pattern or distinct composition or diversity
↑ Firmicutes in adults	76, 83
↑ Bacteroidetes in children	80, 81, 83, 84
↑ Bifidobacterium in children	82, 86
No difference in diversity by microarray HITChip/16S sequencing	77, 78
High genetic risk—↑ Firmicutes	91
High genetic risk—↓ Bacteroidetes	92
High genetic risk—altered diversity	91, 92
No single causative agent identified
Altered oral microbiome	96