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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Dec 11.
Published in final edited form as: Gut. 2014 Nov 21;64(2):332–341. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308514

Table 3.

The main outcomes from studies assessing the microbiome in RA

Microbiome site Association with RA compared with control Reference
Oral Porphyromonas Gingivalis and Porphyromonas nigrescans aggravate animal models of arthritis 110, 121
↑ Prevalence of periodontitis in patients with RA 111–115
Evidence of periodontal pathogens in synovial fluid of patients with RA 111, 119, 120
Intestinal Animal models of arthritis exacerbated or rescued by changes in gut microbiome 131, 132, 134
Humans—↓ Bacteroidetes and Bifidobacterium 135, 136

RA, Rheumatoid arthritis.