Table 1.
Age-adjusted mean values and baseline characteristics according to night eating habits at baseline (2009–2010). Study undertaken in Okayama
| Total | Those with neither habit | Those with a single habit of “dinner immediately before bed” (≥3 times per week) | Those with a single habit of “snacks after dinner” (≥3 times per week) | Those with both habits | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | |||||
| Number of participants (n) | 8153 | 4462 | 2006 | 972 | 713 |
| Mean (SD) Age (years) | 46.8 | 47.0 (0.1) | 46.3 (0.1) * | 47.1 (0.2) | 46.5 (0.2) * |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 | 22.7 (0.0) | 22.9 (0.1) | 23.1 (0.1) * | 23.9 (0.1) * |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 81.7 | 81.2 (0.1) | 81.6 (0.2) | 81.9 (0.3) | 84.2 (0.3) * |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 117.6 | 117.8 (0.2) | 117.5 (0.3) | 116.8 (0.5) | 117.2 (0.6) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.3 | 75.3 (0.2) | 75.6 (0.3) | 74.8 (0.4) | 75.0 (0.4) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 111.6 | 111.5 (1.2) | 111.2 (1.8) | 109.6 (2.6) | 115.6 (3.0) |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 64.8 | 64.7 (0.2) | 65.5 (0.3) | 64.4 (0.5) | 63.9 (0.6) |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 128.1 | 127.0 (0.5) | 127.9 (0.7) | 129.8 (1.0) * | 133.6 (1.2) * |
| HbA1c (NGSP values) (%) | 5.54 | 5.52 (0.01) | 5.56 (0.01) | 5.57(0.02) | 5.56 (0.02) |
| Metabolic syndrome n (%) | 866 (10.6) | 399 (8.9) | 248 (12.4%) * | 113 (11.6) * | 106 (14.9) * |
| Current smokers n (%) a | 2134 (28.1) | 1022 (24.7) | 732 (38.8%) * | 173 (19.3) | 207 (31.0) |
| “I have been engaged in light ≥30-min exercise more than twice a week for > 1 year” (%) a | 1603 (21.1) | 908 (22.0) | 381 (20.2%) * | 186 (20.7) | 128 (19.2) |
| “Physical activity for > 1 h/day” n (%) a | 1258 (16.6) | 693 (16.8) | 311 (16.5%) | 151 (16.8) | 103 (15.4) |
| “I skip breakfast > 3 times a week.” n (%) a | 1219 (16.1) | 486 (11.8) | 448 (23.7%) * | 107 (11.9) | 178 (26.7) * |
| Current drinkers n (%) | 4582 (56.2) | 2360 (52.9) | 1429 (71.2%) * | 398 (41.0) * | 395 (55.4) |
| Excessive drinkers n (%) | 968 (11.9) | 438 (9.8) | 364 (18.2%) * | 64 (6.6) | 102 (14.3) |
| Male | |||||
| Number of participants (n) | 4875 | 2357 | 1619 | 403 | 496 |
| Mean (SD) Age (years) | 46.9 | 47.2 (0.1) | 46.5 (0.1) * | 47.0 (0.2) | 46.5 (0.2) * |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7 | 23.6 (0.1) | 23.5 (0.1) | 24.0 (0.2) | 24.6 (0.1) * |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 84.5 | 84.1 (0.2) | 84.3 (0.2) | 85.2 (0.4) | 86.9 (0.4) * |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120.5 | 121.0 (0.3) | 120.4 (0.4) | 119.4(0.7) | 119.7(0.7) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.2 | 77.4 (0.2) | 77.4 (0.3) | 76.0 (0.6) | 76.5 (0.5) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 133.0 | 133.6 (2.0) | 131.6 (2.4) | 129.8 (4.9) | 137.4 (4.4) |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 59.4 | 59.3 (0.3) | 60.3 (0.4) | 57.8 (0.7) | 58.4 (0.7) |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 131.6 | 130.2 (0.7) | 131.3 (0.8) | 135.6 (1.6) * | 136.3 (1.4) * |
| HbA1c (NGSP values) (%) | 5.58 | 5.55 (0.01) | 5.59 (0.02) | 5.63 (0.03) | 5.60 (0.03) |
| Metabolic syndrome n (%) | 613 (12.6) | 259 (11.0) | 207 (12.8) | 63 (15.6) * | 84 (16.9) * |
| Current smokers n (%) b | 1869 (41.2) | 869 (39.7) | 684 (45.0) * | 138 (37.5) | 178 (38.7) |
| “I have been engaged in light ≥30-min exercise more than twice a week for > 1 year” n (%)b | 1097 (24.2) | 585 (26.7) | 331 (21.8) * | 83 (22.6) | 98 (21.3) |
| “Physical activity for > 1 h/day” n (%)b | 820 (18.1) | 411 (18.8) | 268 (17.6) | 69 (18.8) | 72 (15.7) |
| “I skip breakfast > 3 times a week.” n (%)b | 920 (20.3) | 337 (15.4) | 378 (24.9) * | 66 (17.9) | 139 (30.2) * |
| Current drinkers n (%) | 3368 (69.1) | 1605 (68.1) | 1226 (75.7) * | 226 (56.1) * | 311 (62.7) |
| Excessive drinkers n (%) | 878 (18.0) | 388 (16.5) | 345 (21.3) * | 53 (13.2) | 92 (18.6) |
| Female | |||||
| Number of participants (n) | 3278 | 2105 | 387 | 569 | 217 |
| Mean (SD) Age (years) | 46.7 | 46.7 (0.1) | 45.9 (0.2) * | 47.0 (0.2) | 46.5 (0.3) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.7 | 21.5 (0.1) | 22.1 (0.2) * | 21.8 (0.1) | 22.9 (0.2) * |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 77.4 | 76.9 (0.2) | 78.0 (0.5) | 77.4 (0.4) | 80.4 (0.6) * |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 113.1 | 113.1 (0.3) | 113.4 (0.8) | 112.7 (0.6) | 113.7 (1.0) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.5 | 72.4 (0.2) | 72.8 (0.5) | 72.5 (0.4) | 72.9 (0.7) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 79.7 | 79.0 (0.9) | 83.1 (2.1) | 78.6 (1.7) | 82.7 (2.8) |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 72.8 | 72.8 (0.3) | 72.5 (0.8) | 73.3 (0.7) | 72.3 (1.1) |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 122.8 | 122.2 (0.6) | 122.6 (1.5) | 122.8 (1.2) | 129.8 (2.0) * |
| HbA1c (NGSP values) (%) | 5.48 | 5.47 (0.01) | 5.51 (0.02) | 5.49 (0.02) | 5.49 (0.03) |
| Metabolic syndrome n (%) | 253 (7.7) | 140 (6.7) | 41 (10.6) * | 50 (8.8) | 22 (10.1) |
| Current smokers n (%)c | 265 (8.7) | 153 (7.9) | 48 (13.1) * | 35 (6.6) | 29 (13.9) * |
| “I have been engaged in light ≥30-min exercise more than twice a week for > 1 year” n (%)c | 506 (16.6) | 323 (16.6) | 50 (13.6) | 103 (19.5) | 30 (14.4) |
| “Physical activity for > 1 h/day” n (%)c | 438 (14.4) | 282 (14.5) | 43 (11.7) | 82 (15.5) | 31 (14.9) |
| “I skip breakfast > 3 times a week.” n (%)c | 299 (9.8%) | 149 (7.7) | 70 (19.1) * | 41 (7.8) | 39 (18.8) * |
| Current drinkers n (%) | 1214 (37.0) | 755 (35.9) | 203 (52.5) * | 172 (30.2) * | 84 (38.7) |
| Excessive drinkers n (%) | 90 (2.8) | 50 (2.4) | 19 (4.9) * | 11 (1.9) | 10 (4.6) |
*p < 0.05 Comparison of the group with a single habit of either “dinner immediately before bed” or “snacks after dinner”, or the group with both habits, to the group without both habits. BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; NGSP, National Glycohemglobin Standardization Program