Table 2.
Rate of metabolic syndrome at baseline (2009–2010) and after an average of 3.9 years. Study undertaken in Okayama
| Total | p value | Male | p value | Female | p value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2009–2010 | 2013–2014 | 2009–2010 | 2013–2014 | 2009–2010 | 2013–2014 | ||||
| Number of participants (N) | 8153 | 8153 | – | 4875 | 4875 | – | 3278 | 3278 | – |
| Age (years) | 46.8 (4.6) | 50.6 (4.9) | < 0.0001 | 46.9 (4.8) | 50.7 (4.9) | < 0.0001 | 46.7 (4.7) | 50.5 (4.8) | < 0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 (3.4) | 23.1 (3.5) | < 0.0001 | 23.7 (3.3) | 23.8 (3.3) | < 0.0001 | 21.7 (3.3) | 22.0 (3.5) | < 0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 81.7 (9.6) | 82.3 (9.6) | < 0.0001 | 84.5 (8.9) | 84.9 (9.0) | < 0.0001 | 77.4 (9.0) | 78.5 (9.3) | < 0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 117.6 (15.4) | 118.8 (16.6) | < 0.0001 | 120.5 (15.0) | 121.8 (15.7) | < 0.0001 | 113.1 (15.0) | 114.2 (16.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.3 (11.4) | 75.9 (11.1) | < 0.0001 | 77.2 (11.3) | 78.1 (10.7) | < 0.0001 | 72.5 (10.9) | 72.8 (11.1) | 0.044 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 111.6 (84.2) | 109.8 (84.6) | 0.004 | 133.0 (97.6) | 127.5 (98.6) | < 0.0001 | 79.7 (42.0) | 83.4 (46.8) | < 0.0001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 64.8 (16.3) | 65.0 (17.4) | 0.356 | 59.4 (14.5) | 59.4 (15.5) | 0.145 | 72.8 (15.6) | 73.5 (16.6) | 0.002 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 128.1 (31.9) | 127.7 (31.3) | < 0.0001 | 131.6 (32.0) | 128.5 (31.1) | < 0.0001 | 122.8 (30.9) | 126.6 (31.6) | < 0.0001 |
| HbA1c (NGSP values) n (%) | 5.54 (0.6) | 5.59 (0.6) | < 0.0001 | 5.58 (0.7) | 5.63 (0.6) | < 0.0001 | 5.48 (0.4) | 5.53 (0.5) | < 0.0001 |
| Metabolic syndrome n (%) | 866 (10.6%) | 1066 (13.1) | < 0.0001 | 613 (12.6) | 702 (14.4) | < 0.0001 | 253 (7.7) | 364 (11.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Current smokers n (%)a | 2134 (28.1) | 1760 (23.2) | < 0.0001 | 1869 (41.2) | 1539 (33.9) | < 0.0001 | 265 (8.7) | 221 (7.3) | < 0.0001 |
| “I have been engaged in light ≥30-min exercise more than twice a week for > 1 year” n (%)a | 1603 (21.1) | 1847 (24.4) | < 0.0001 | 1097 (24.2) | 1249 (27.5) | < 0.0001 | 506 (16.6) | 598 (19.6) | < 0.0001 |
| “Physical activity for > 1 h/day” n (%)a | 1258 (16.6) | 1409 (18.6) | < 0.0001 | 820 (18.1) | 920 (20.3) | 0.0007 | 438 (14.4) | 489 (16.1) | 0.020 |
| Those with a single habit of “dinner within 2 h of bedtime” (≥3 times per week) n (%) | 2006 (24.6) | 1952 (23.9) | 0.203 | 1619 (33.2) | 1543 (31.7) | 0.036 | 387 (11.8) | 409 (12.5) | 0.320 |
| Those with a single habit of “snacks after dinner” (≥3 times per week) n (%) | 972 (11.9) | 962 (11.8) | 0.559 | 403 (8.3) | 401 (8.2) | 0.488 | 569 (17.4) | 561 (17.1) | 0.888 |
| Those with both habits of “dinner within 2 h of bedtime” and “snacks after dinner” (≥3 times per week) n (%) | 713 (8.8) | 694 (8.5) | 0.168 | 496 (10.2) | 489 (10.0) | 0.468 | 217 (6.6) | 205 (6.3) | 0.213 |
| “I skip breakfast > 3 times a week.” n (%)a | 1219 (16.1) | 1134 (15.0) | 0.002 | 920 (20.3) | 836 (18.4) | 0.0001 | 299 (9.8) | 298 (9.8) | 1.000 |
| Current drinkers n (%) | 4582 (56.2) | 4683 (57.4) | 0.002 | 3368 (69.1) | 3475 (71.3) | < 0.0001 | 1214(37.0) | 1208 (36.9) | 0.817 |
| excessive drinkers n (%) | 968 (11.9) | 1238 (15.2) | < 0.0001 | 878 (18.0) | 1109 (22.8) | < 0.0001 | 90 (2.8) | 129 (3.9) | 0.0006 |
BMI, waste circumference, blood pressure, and biochemical analysis results were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank-tests. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome, current smoker, physical activity, eating habits, current drinker and excessive drinker were compared using McNemar’s test. BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HbA1c; glycated hemoglobin; NGSP, National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program