Table 3.
Relationship between two night eating habits and metabolic syndrome after 3.9 years (2013–2014). Study undertaken in Okayama
| Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Those with neither habit | Those with a single habit of “dinner immediately before bed” (≥3 times per week) | Those with a single habit of “snacks after dinner” (≥3 times per week) | Those with both habits |
|
| Metabolic syndrome | n = 7287 | |||
| Number of participants | 249/4063 | 120/1758 | 58/859 | 51/607 |
| Model 1a | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.90–1.44) | 1.12 (0.83–1.51) | 1.43 (1.04–1.96) |
| Model 2b | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.86–1.41) | 1.13 (0.83–1.54) | 1.33 (0.95–1.86) |
| Abdominal obesity | n = 5780 | |||
| Number of participants | 342/3212 | 148/1485 | 87/652 | 58/431 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.20 (0.97–1.49) | 1.18 (0.91–1.52) | 1.52 (1.12–2.07) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.92–1.45) | 1.19 (0.91–1.55) | 1.41 (1.03–1.95) |
| Model 3c | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.93–1.47) | 1.19 (0.91–1.55) | 1.42 (1.03–1.97) |
| Obesity | n = 6225 | |||
| Number of participants | 204/3542 | 128/1489 | 51/747 | 63/447 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.32 (1.04–1.68) | 1.30 (0.94–1.79) | 2.47 (1.82–3.35) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.31 (1.01–1.69) | 1.32 (0.95–1.84) | 2.34 (1.69–3.23) |
| Model 3c | 1.00 | 1.33 (1.02–1.71) | 1.32 (0.95–1.84) | 2.37 (1.71–3.29) |
| Hypertension | n = 6074 | |||
| Number of participants | 512/3368 | 252/1431 | 103/749 | 80/526 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.87–1.23) | 0.95 (0.75–1.19) | 0.92 (0.71–1.19) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.81–1.17) | 0.95 (0.74–1.21) | 0.89 (0.68–1.16) |
| Model 3d | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.82–1.18) | 0.92 (0.72–1.17) | 0.78 (0.59–1.03) |
| Dyslipidemia | n = 6177 | |||
| Number of participants | 447/3462 | 239/1450 | 96/763 | 102/502 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.97–1.39) | 1.04 (0.82–1.31) | 1.63 (1.28–2.08) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.20 (0.99–1.45) | 1.07 (0.83–1.37) | 1.61 (1.25–2.09) |
| Model 3e | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.97–1.43) | 1.03 (0.80–1.33) | 1.49 (1.14–1.94) |
| Hyper triglyceridemia | n = 6605 | |||
| Number of participants | 286/3694 | 176/1535 | 64/833 | 71/543 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.21 (0.98–1.49) | 1.11 (0.83–1.47) | 1.58 (1.19–2.09) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.92–1.42) | 1.16 (0.87–1.56) | 1.44 (1.07–1.95) |
| Model 3e | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.91–1.41) | 1.11 (0.83–1.49) | 1.35 (0.99–1.84) |
| Low HDL cholesterolemia | n = 7750 | |||
| Number of participants | 125/4246 | 62/1922 | 27/917 | 32/665 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.82–1.56) | 0.99 (0.65–1.52) | 1.70 (1.14–2.53) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.27 (0.91–1.79) | 1.07 (0.69–1.67) | 1.63 (1.06–2.51) |
| Model 3e | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.84–1.68) | 0.99 (0.64–1.55) | 1.36 (0.88–2.11) |
| Hyperglycemia | n = 5717 | |||
| Number of participants | 509/3194 | 198/1386 | 106/669 | 79/468 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 1.16 (0.89–1.51) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.81–1.19) | 0.92 (0.72–1.18) | 1.13 (0.86–1.49) |
| Model 3f | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.82–1.20) | 0.90 (0.70–1.15) | 1.06 (0.80–1.40) |
Overall analysis was adjusted by sex.
aAdjusted by age
bAdjusted by age, smoking habit (yes, no, missing), alcohol consumption (yes, no), physical activity (yes, no, missing), and breakfast intake (yes, no, missing)
cAdjusted by age, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, physical activity, breakfast intake, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia
dAdjusted by age, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, physical activity, breakfast intake, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and BMI
eAdjusted by age, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, physical activity, breakfast intake, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and BMI
fAdjusted by age, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, physical activity, breakfast intake, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and BMI
HDL, high-density lipoprotein