Table 3.

In vivo studies on animal models evaluating the protective and therapeutic effects of anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich extracts in metabolic diseases.

Anthocyanin	Animal model	Results	References
Black chokeberry extract	STZ-induced diabetes in rats and mice	Antidiabetic & hypoglycemic effect by ↑insulin secretion, maintaining the round shape of the pancreas, protecting pancreatic β cells, ↓sucrase & maltase activity, ↓LDL-cholesterol and TG	Jurgonski et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2013; Jeon et al., 2018
Black chokeberry anthocyanins	STZ -induced oxidative stress in male wistar rats	↓Body weight gain, ↓lipase, ↓pancreatic amylase & ↓carbohydrates absorption in the digestive system	Qin and Anderson, 2012
Blueberries anthocyanin	Obesogenic diet mice	↓Abdominal fat mass, ↓total fat mass, ↓body weight gain, ↓TGs, ↓liver weight, ↑PPAR	Seymour et al., 2008; Prior et al., 2010
Blueberries anthocyanin	High-fat diet induced weight gain in Male C57BL/6 mice	↓Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia ↓adipocyte death, ↓body fat accumulation & ↓body weight gain	Defuria et al., 2009; Basu et al., 2010
Blueberries anthocyanin	Cyclophosphamide-induced cardiac injury in rats	Attenuates cardiac injury by ↑heart rate & activities of heart enzymes, ↓IL-1β & TNF-α expression, ↑IL-10	Liu et al., 2015
C3G	High-fat diet induced body fat accumulation C57BL/6J mice	↓Hyperglycemia, ↓blood glucose level & modulates insulin ↓Body fat accumulation via ↓lipid synthesis in the liver and white adipose tissue	Tsuda et al., 2003
Hibiscus sabdariffa	High-fat diet induced obesity and liver damage in hamsters	↓Body weight, fat content & liver fat bodies ↓LDL-C & ↓TGs ↓ALT & ↓AST	Huang et al., 2015
Maqui Berry	Diet-induced obese hyperglycaemic C57BL/6J mice	↓Fasting blood glucose levels & glucose tolerance	Schreckinger et al., 2010; Rojo et al., 2012
Mulberry	High-fat diet in db/db mice	↓Fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, ↓leptin, ↓TGs & cholesterol levels ↓and LDL values ↑adiponectin levels	Yan et al., 2016
Pelargonidin	STZ-induced oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathic rat	↑SOD, malondialdehyde, fructosamine & catalase, ↑thiobarbituric acid reactive substances formation, ↓elevated blood glucose levels	Roy et al., 2008; Mirshekar et al., 2010
Pomegranate seed oil	High-cholesterol diet fed male rats	↓Weight raises & ↓body fat mass	Vroegrijk et al., 2011
Purple sweet potato anthocyanin	STZ-induced insulin deficiency in yellow db/db mice	Induced hypoglycemic activity via ↓oral glucose insulin sensitivity	Ludvik et al., 2004
Purple sweet potato anthocyanin and diacylated ANTs	STZ-induced insulin deficiency in obese Zucker fatty rats	Improved glucose tolerance & diabetes signs via ↓hyperinsulinemia & ↓hyperlipidemia as well as ↓TGs & ↓FFA, ↓maltase and ↓maximal blood glucose level & serum insulin secretion	Kusano et al., 2001
Red onion extract	Diet-induced obese hyperglycaemic C57BL/6J mice	↑Insulin sensitivity via upregulation of energy expenditure & biogenesis of mitochondrial skeletal muscle	Morrison et al., 2015
Red onions	High-fat diet in C57BL/6J mice	Attenuated hyperglycemia & ↑insulin sensitivity via ↑energy expenditure and biogenesis of mitochondrial skeletal muscle, ↑glucose tolerance, protecting DNA from oxidative stress o	Eldin et al., 2010; Jung et al., 2011
Sweet potato	STZ-induced insulin deficiency	↓Hyperlipidemia, ↓TGs & FFA ↓maximal blood glucose level & serum insulin, ↓oral glucose insulin sensitivity ↓maltase inhibitory activity	Kusano and Abe, 2000; Matsui et al., 2002

STZ, Streptozotocin; LDL, Low-density lipoprotein; IL, Interleukin; FFAs, Freefattyacids; PPAR, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; TGs, Triglycerides; TNF, Tumor necrosis factor; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; ALT, Alanine transaminase; AST, Aspartate transaminase.