Table 4.

Rab proteins involved in HCV release.

Rab	Physiological roles	References	Role for HCV	References
Rab3d	Regulates exocytosis is non-neuronal cells	Millar et al., 2002	Exocytosis of viral particles	Coller et al., 2012
Rab5a,b,c	Early endosome fusion, early endosome biogenesis, nuclear envelope disassembly in mitosis	Wandinger-Ness and Zerial, 2014	Transport of vacuolar (H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) ATP6v0a1 from trans Golgi to endocytotic vesicles that is required for acidification	Matsuda et al., 2014 Farquhar et al., 2012
Rab7a	Endosome maturation; dynein dependent transport of MVBs to lysosomes; fusion of MVBs with lysosomes	Rink et al., 2005 van der Kant et al., 2013 Vanlandingham and Ceresa, 2009	Virions are transported in MVBs; cleaved RILP enhances kinesin-dependent release of virions from Rab7 containing vesicles	Elgner et al., 2016 Bayer et al., 2016 Wozniak et al., 2016
Rab8b	Apical post-TGN transport; basolateral TGN to recycling endosome transport	Sato et al., 2014 Henry and Sheff, 2008	Post-TGN transport and release of viral particles	Mankouri et al., 2016
Rab9a	Transport of Mannose 6-phosphate receptor from endosomes to Golgi	Lombardi et al., 1993	Required for TIP47-dependent release rather than lysosomal degradation of virions; virions cotraffick in Rab9a-positive compartments	Ploen et al., 2013b Bayer et al., 2016
Rab11a	Transport through recycling endosomes; transport from TGN to plasma membrane; homotypic MVB fusion; exosome release; amphisome formation	Ullrich et al., 1996 Chen et al., 1998 Savina et al., 2005 Savina et al., 2002 Koles et al., 2012 Fader et al., 2008	Post-Golgi sorting of virions in recycling endosomes	Coller et al., 2012
Rab13	Regulates tight junction structure and function; TGN to recycling endosome transport Recycling endosome to plasma membrane transport, epithelial junction development, modulation of PKA activity	Marzesco et al., 2002 Nokes et al., 2008 Morimoto et al., 2005 Köhler et al., 2004	Post-TGN transport and release of viral particles Regulation of the endocytotic recycling of the tight junctions-associated proteins CLDN1 and OCLN	Mankouri et al., 2016 Farquhar et al., 2008 Takeda et al., 2016
Rab23	Regulator of sonic hedgehog signaling; autophagosome formation	Evans et al., 2003 Nozawa et al., 2012	Post-TGN transport and release of viral particles	Mankouri et al., 2016
Rab27a	Secretion of cytotoxic granules; exosome secretion by docking of MVB on plasma membrane	Tsuboi and Fukuda, 2006 Ménasché et al., 2008 Ostrowski et al., 2010	Required for viral replication and Post-TGN release of viral particles	Shrivastava et al., 2016 Mankouri et al., 2016
Rab32	Post-Golgi trafficking of melanogenic enzymes; mitochondrial fission; phagosome maturation	Wasmeier et al., 2006 Alto et al., 2002 Seto et al., 2011	Post-TGN transport and release of viral particles	Mankouri et al., 2016
Rab33	Retrograde intra-Golgi transport and from Golgi to ER; modulates autophagosome formation	Valsdottir et al., 2001 Starr et al., 2010 Itoh et al., 2008	Post-TGN transport and release of viral particles	Mankouri et al., 2016