Table 1.

Associations of leptin levels with cardiac and non-cardiac vascular diseases, chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diseases	Leptin levels
CHD	Increased leptin levels have been associated with the presence and severity of CHD and HF, as well as with CV morbidity and mortality in CHD patients.
Stroke	Increased leptin levels have been associated with the presence and severity of both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes.
Carotid artery disease	Increased leptin levels have been associated with the presence and severity of carotid artery disease.
PAD	Increased leptin levels have been associated with the presence of hypertension and T2DM in PAD patients.
AAA	Increased leptin levels have been associated with accelerated growth of AAA and ascending aortic aneurysms.
CKD	Increased leptin levels have been associated with the presence, severity and progression of CKD.
T2DM	Increased leptin levels have been associated with the development of T2DM as well as with micro- and macrovascular diabetic complications.

CHD: coronary heart disease; PAD: peripheral artery disease; AAA: abdominal aortic aneurysm; CKD: chronic kidney disease; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; HF: heart failure; CV: cardiovascular