Table 2.
Differences in cytokine levels after OR versus EVAR as markers of inflammatory response.
| Author | Year | Cytokines | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Makar et al. | 2013 | IL-6 | *Ruptured AAA. The peak IL-6 was significantly higher in the eOR group (25.1 (17.2–50.9 pg/mL)) compared to the eEVAR group (14.2 (7.1–29.8 pg/mL; P=0.04)). However, IL-6 levels were similar at the individual time points (6 h, POD1, POD3, POD5) in both groups. |
| Barry et al. | 2009 | IL-6 | No statistically significant difference was seen between EVAR and OR at 5 min, 60 min, 24 h and 48 h postoperatively (although largest difference was noted at 24 h post operatively; OR: 178.2±49 pg/mL vs EVAR: 98.88±28.8 pg/mL, P>0.05). |
| Dawson et al. | 2009 | IL-6 | OR was associated with significantly lower concentrations of circulating IL-6 compared to EVAR (P=0.03) and unrepaired AAA (P=0.025). There was no significant difference in IL-6 between the unrepaired and EVAR groups (P=0.66). |
| Aho et al. | 2007 | IL-1b | No differences between OR and EVAR |
| IL-10 | No differences between OR and EVAR | ||
| IL-6 | Higher level of IL-6 in OR versus EVAR group on POD1, but not POD3, POD7. | ||
| Shindo et al. | 2005 | IL-8 | In OR IL-8 levels were higher than the EVAR even on the POD7. |
| Sweeney et al. | 2002 | IL-2 | Higher IL-2 levels in OR versus EVAR only on the POD7 (P=0.048), not POD1 |
| IL-10 | No changes in IL-10 at any time point in either group. | ||
| Bolke et al. | 2001 | IL-6 | Significantly higher peak IL-6 levels in the OR versus EVAR group (P<0.05). |
| Rowlands et al. | 2001 | IL-6 | Higher IL-6 levels in OR versus EVAR group at 4 h, 24 h, 72 h and 144 h after clamp removal. |
| IL-8 | IL-8 peaked earlier than IL-6 (at 4 h) in both groups. Faster decline in EVAR versus OR (at 72 h after clamp removal: OR=35 pg/mL and EVAR: 16 pg/mL, P=0.001). | ||
| IL-10 | No significant differences between OR and EVAR groups at 0 h, 4 h, 24 h, 72 h and 144 h after clamp removal. | ||
| Parodi et al. | 2001 | IL-8 | IL-8 levels increased immediately after OR and fell by 72 h, although not to preoperative levels. Higher IL-8 levels in the OR versus EVAR on POD1. |
| Boyle et al. | 2000 | IL-1b | No significant difference was found in the IL-1b results between the groups. |
| IL-6 | EVAR: IL-6 levels were significantly lower in this group on POD1 (median 120 versus 277 pg/mL; 99% CI=51 to 243, P=0.0038) and POD2 (43 versus 256 pg/mL; 99% CI=71 to 266, P=0.0002). | ||
| TNF-α | EVAR: lower TNF-α levels 30 min after reperfusion (11.1 versus 22.5 pg/mL; 99% CI=4.8 to 20.8, P= 0.0074); 6 h after surgery (11.0 versus 27.5 pg/mL; 99% CI=7.2 to 1.5, P=0.0004); POD 1 (9.8 versus 16.6 pg/mL; 99% CI=2.4 to 14.5, P=0.007); and POD3 (10.2 versus 23.6 pg/mL; 99% CI=7.8 to 19.0, P=0.0043). | ||
| Elmarasy et al. | 2000 | IL-6 | Higher IL-6 levels in the OR versus EVAR group from the 2 h to the 24 h post-reperfusion. TNF-α Higher TNF-α levels in the OR versus EVAR group at 4 h, 6 h, 8 h and 12 h post-reperfusion. From the 16 h onwards, no differences were seen. |
| Galle et al. | 2000 | IL-6 | IL-6 revealed significantly higher response in the EVAR and OR groups than in the controllers, with IL-6 release patterns being similar in the EVAR and OR groups. |
| IL-8 | No significant differences between the two groups. | ||
| TNF-α | No statistically significant tendency toward early acute TNF-α production in EVAR and no TNF-α production in OR. | ||
| Morikage et al. | 2000 | IL-6 | EVAR: higher IL-6 levels on POD 1, 3 and 6; however, statistical significance was reached only on POD1. |
| IL-8 | No differences between the two groups throughout the study period. | ||
| Odegard et al. | 2000 | IL-6 | IL-6 higher release after OR when compared with those of EVAR group. |
| TNF-α | No significant changes in TNF-α after treatment. | ||
| Syk et al. | 1998 | IL-6 | IL-6 peaks between 4 and 48 h postoperatively (after reperfusion) with higher values in the OR than the EVAR group. |
| TNF-α | More pronounced TNF-α release in OR versus EVAR group. | ||
| Swartbol et al. | 1996 | IL-1b | Only modest elevation with no significant differences between the groups. IL-1b demonstrated the maximum at 60 min post-clamp. |
| IL-6 | IL-6 levels were significantly higher in OR patients (P<0.0005). | ||
| IL-8 | IL-8 was not detected in any patient. | ||
| TNF-α | TNF-α release was recorded in the EVAR group only. | ||
| Thompson et al. | 1996 | IL-1b | Lesser increase in IL-1b and TNF-α from baseline with EVAR compared to OR. |
| TNF-α | |||
| IL-6 | IL-6 did not vary between EVAR and OR. |
AAA=abdominal aortic aneurysm; IL=interleukin; TNF-α=tumor necrosis factor-α; OR=open repair; EVAR=endovascular aortic aneurysm repair; POD=postoperative day; PS=prospective study; CI=confidence interval; h=hour.