Table 1.

Participant Characteristics

Characteristics	n (%)
Age, mean (SD)	45.8 (11.8)
Pain at Visit, mean (SD)	45.5 (22.2)
Low Back Pain in Last Week, mean (SD)	5.5 (1.9)
Depression, mean (SD)	10.9 (9.1)
Catastrophizing, mean (SD)	18.0 (11.9)
Opioid Use
Using Opioids	109 (34)
Not Using Opioids	213 (66)
Sex
Male	170 (53)
Female	149 (47)
Race
White	234 (73)
Black	85 (27)
Education
Less than College Graduate	143 (44)
College Graduate or Above	181 (56)
Employment
Employed	112 (35)
Unemployed	212 (65)