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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biomaterials. 2018 Oct 25;190-191:24–37. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.10.023

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Endothelial cell turnover of human iPSC-derived blood-brain barrier microvessels. (A) Representative time-lapse images depicting cell division. Identification of cell division begins with alignment of DNA along the equatorial plate (t = 32 mins, white arrow), chromosomes can be identified pulling apart (t = 34 mins, white arrows), directly proceeding the formation of two daughter cells. (B) Representative time-lapse images depicting cell loss. Identification of cell loss begins with contraction of cell boundaries (t = 6 mins), followed by lysing of cell contents into the lumen associated with a breakdown of the cell membrane (t = 12 mins, white arrow). As the remaining portions of the cell envelope are shed into circulation the surrounding cells migrate to fill the space where the cell was removed. (C-E) Rates of proliferation, cell loss, and turnover on days 2, 4, and 6 for BC1 dhBMEC and HUVEC microvessels. (F) Cumulative proliferative and cell loss events during imaging of BC1 dhBMEC microvessels. N = 3 BC1 dhBMEC and HUVEC microvessels. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.