Table 1.
Participant characteristics stratified by etiologic diabetes type and albuminuria risk status at follow-up visita
| Characteristics | Etiologic Type 1 Diabetes (n=1,316) | Etiologic Type 2 Diabetes (n=143) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate- risk albuminuria* (n=93) |
Low-risk albuminuria* (n=1,223) |
p- value† |
Moderate-risk albuminuria* (n=26) |
Low-risk albuminuria* (n=117) |
p- value † |
|
|
Age at diagnosis, years; mean (SD) |
9.6 (3.7) | 9.6 (4.0) | 1.0 | 14.3 (2.2) | 13.9 (2.6) | 0.5 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 37 (39.8%) | 516 (42.2%) | 0.7 | 16 (61.5%) | 71 (60.7%) | 0.9 |
| African American raceb, n (%) | 12 (12.9%) | 78 (6.4%) | 0.02 | 12 (46.2%) | 46 (39.3%) | 0.5 |
|
Lack of health insurance at follow-up visit, n (%) |
9 (9.8%) | 37 (3.0%) | <0.01 | 7 (28.0%) | 20 (17.7%) | 0.2 |
|
Diabetes duration at baseline
visit, years; mean (SD) |
0.8 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.6 | 1.0 (0.6) | 0.9 (0.6) | 0.5 |
|
Time between visits (years), mean (SD) |
7.2 (2.0) | 7.1 (1.9) | 0.3 | 7.1 (2.1) | 7.1 (2.0) | 0.9 |
|
Insulin Sensitivity Scorec (AUC), mean (SD) |
8.2 (2.9) | 8.8 (2.7) | 0.07 | 2.9 (1.4) | 4.4 (1.6) | <0.01 |
| UACRd, µg/mg; median (IQR) | ||||||
| Baseline | 8 (11) | 7 (7) | 0.1 | 13 (35) | 5 (4) | <0.01 |
| Follow-up visit | 53 (56) | 6 (5) | <0.01 | 113 (234) | 6 (5) | <0.01 |
|
SBP-Z (AUC), mmHg; mean (SD) |
−0.6 (0.9) | −0.5 (0.8) | 0.5 | 1.1 (1.6) | 0.7 (1.2) | 0.2 |
| HbA1c (AUC), %; mean (SD) | 9.2 (1.6) | 8.4 (1.3) | <0.01 | 9.6 (2.3) | 7.9 (2.2) | <0.01 |
| BMI-Z (AUC), mean (SD) | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.02 | 2.0 (0.6) | 1.8 (0.7) | 0.4 |
|
Total Cholesterol (AUC), mg/dL; mean (SD) |
166 (27) | 165 (26) | 0.6 | 198 (36) | 169 (36) | <0.01 |
|
Triglycerides (AUC), mg/dL; median (IQR) |
71 (42) | 68 (35) | 0.06 | 150 (101) | 103 (79) | 0.01 |
| LDL (AUC), mg/dL; mean (SD) | 94 (21) | 94 (23) | 1.0 | 113 (30) | 100 (29) | 0.03 |
| HDL (AUC), mg/dL; mean (SD) | 55 (11) | 56 (12) | 0.5 | 40 (18) | 44 (10) | 0.4 |
|
Waist to Height ratio (AUC), mean (SD) |
0.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.6 | 0.7 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.1) | 0.2 |
|
Current Smoker at follow-up visit, n (%) |
19 (20.7%) | 146 (12.5%) | 0.03 | 4 (17.4%) | 45 (38.8%) | 0.05 |
|
eGFRe at follow-up visit; mean (SD) |
124.9 (26.5) | 119.9 (21.9) | 0.08 | 145.3 (36.8) | 126.4 (25.7) | 0.02 |
Categorical variables are compared using a chi-square test; continuous measures presenting means (standard deviation), are compared using t-tests; and continuous measures presenting median (IQR) from t-tests using the log-transformed variable.
Albuminuria categories were classified based on urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) measures at baseline and UACR at follow-up visit (see Figure 2 for definitions). Moderate-risk albuminuria included albuminuria progression and persistently high albuminuria. Low-risk albuminuria included albuminuria regression and persistently normoalbuminuria.
African American race includes Hispanic and Non-Hispanic ethnicity.
Insulin Sensitivity Score (ISS) is derived from HbA1c, waist circumference and triglycerides: ISS=exp[4.64725−(0.02032×waist,cm)−(0.09779×HbA1c,%)−(0.002350×triglyceride,mg/dl)
UACR measured from random urine sample.
eGFR estimated from Bouvet equation.
Abbreviations: AUC= Area under the curve (baseline to follow-up visit). BMI=body mass index; UACR=urine albumin:creatinine ratio; LDL=low density lipoprotein; HDL=high density lipoprotein; SBP=systolic blood pressure; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate.