Table 2a:
Unadjusted and sequentially adjusted results of logistic regression models representing the odds ratio (OR) associated with moderate-risk versus low-risk albuminuria in youth with type 1 diabetes (n=1,136)a
| Covariates | Unadjusted | Model 1** | Model 2** | Model 3** | Model 4** | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) |
p-value | OR (95% CI) |
p- value |
OR (95% CI) |
p- value |
OR (95% CI) |
p- value |
OR (95% CI) |
p- value |
|
|
Age at Diagnosis (5.0-year increase) |
1.0 (0.8, 1.3) |
1.0 | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) |
1.0 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) |
0.4 | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) |
0.1 | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) |
0.1 |
|
Sex (Female vs Male) |
0.9 (0.6, 1.4) |
0.7 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) |
0.6 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) |
0.8 | 1.0 (0.7, 1.7) |
0.8 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) |
0.9 |
| Raceb (AA vs Other) |
2.2 (1.2, 4.2) |
0.02 |
2.2 (1.1, 4.1) |
0.02 | 1.5 (0.7, 3.2) |
0.3 | 1.4 (0.6, 3.1) |
0.4 | 1.4 (0.6, 3.1) |
0.4 |
|
Diabetes durationc (1-year increase) |
1.0 (0.9, 1.2) |
0.5 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) |
0.5 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) |
1.0 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) |
0.7 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) |
0.7 |
|
BMI-Z (AUC) (1-unit increase) |
0.8 (0.6, 1.0) |
0.02 | -- | -- | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) |
0.05 |
0.8 (0.6, 1.0) |
0.04 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) |
0.1 |
|
HbA1c (AUC) (1-percent increase) |
1.5 (1.3, 1.7) |
<0.0001 | -- | -- |
1.4 (1.2, 1.7) |
0.0001 |
1.4 (1.1, 1.6) |
0.001 |
1.3 (1.1, 1.6) |
0.002 |
|
Triglyceridesd (AUC) (1-log unit increase) |
1.7 (1.1, 2.8) |
0.03 | -- | -- | 1.6 (0.9, 2.7) |
0.1 | 1.5 (0.9, 2.6) |
0.2 | 1.5 (0.9, 2.7) |
0.2 |
|
Smoking Statuse at Follow-up |
1.8 (1.1, 3.1) |
0.03 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 1.5 (0.8, 2.9) |
0.2 | 1.6 (0.8, 3.0) |
0.2 |
|
Health Insurance at Follow-up (None vs Insured) |
3.5 (1.6, 7.4) |
0.001 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
2.7 (1.1, 6.5) |
0.02 |
2.7 (1.1, 6.5) |
0.03 |
|
Baseline UACRd (1-log unit increase) |
1.2 (1.0, 1.5) |
0.07 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) |
0.1 |
|
eGFRBouvet at Follow-up (10 unit increase)f |
1.1 (1.0, 1.2) |
0.04 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) |
0.9 |
|
LDL (AUC) (10-unit increase) |
1.0 (0.9, 1.1) |
1.0 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
|
HDL (AUC) (10-unit increase) |
0.9 (0.8, 1.1) |
0.5 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
|
SBP-Z (AUC) (1-mmHg increase) |
1.1 (0.8, 1.4) |
0.5 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
|
Waist:Height ratio (AUC) (0.1-unit increase) |
0.9 (0.6, 1.3) |
0.6 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
|
Length of Follow-up (1.0-year increase) |
1.1 (0.9, 1.2) |
0.4 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
|
Insulin Sensitivity Scoref (AUC) (1-unit decrease) |
1.1 (1.0, 1.2) |
0.07 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Albuminuria categories were classified based on urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) measures at baseline and UACR at follow-up visit (see Figure 2 for definitions). Moderate-risk albuminuria included albuminuria progression and persistently high albuminuria. Low-risk albuminuria included albuminuria regression and persistently normoalbuminuria.
African American race includes Hispanic and Non-Hispanic ethnicity.
Diabetes duration measured at follow-up visit.
Triglycerides and UACR were transformed using natural log scale.
Smoking status defined at follow-up status as Current vs Former/Never.
Insulin Sensitivity Score is derived from HbA1c, waist circumference and triglycerides: IS=exp[4.64725−(0.02032×waist,cm)−(0.09779×HbA1c,%)−(0.002350×triglyceride,mg/dl)
Abbreviations: AUC= Area under the curve (baseline to follow-up visit). BMI=body mass index; UACR=urine albumin:creatinine ratio; LDL=low density lipoprotein; HDL=high density lipoprotein; SBP=systolic blood pressure; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Adjusted models in Type 1 Diabetes:
Model 1 (non-modifiable characteristics): age at diagnosis, sex, race, diabetes duration
Model 2 (modifiable clinical characteristics): Model 1 + HbA1c, BMI-Z, TG
Model 3 (modifiable social characteristics): Model 2 + follow-up smoking status, follow-up health insurance status
Model 4 (baseline UACR): Model 3 + baseline UACR measure and follow-up eGFR