Table 3.
Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals) for Covariate Effects in Multinomial Logistic Regressions with Patient Characteristics predicting Odds of Membership in each Profile (Rows) versus the Reference Group (Columns)
| Covariate – Time Period Assessed | Profile 1: Low Functioning Frequent Heavy Drinking (Reference) |
Profile 2: Low Functioning Infrequent Heavy Drinking (Reference) |
Profile 3: High Functioning Occasional Heavy Drinking (Reference) |
Profile 4: High Functioning Infrequent Non-Heavy Drinking (Reference) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, male =1 – Baseline | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 1.26 (0.64, 2.48) | 1.37 (0.68, 2.79) | 1.77 (0.92, 3.41) |
| Versus Profile 2 | 0.80 (0.40, 1.57) | -- | 1.09 (0.54, 2.21) | 1.41 (0.73, 2.71) |
| Versus Profile 3 | 0.73 (0.36, 1.48) | 0.91 (0.45, 1.85) | -- | 1.29 (0.70, 2.38) |
| Versus Profile 4 | 0.57 (0.30, 1.08) | 0.71 (0.37, 1.36) | 0.78 (0.42, 1.42) | -- |
| Treatment contrast, CBT =1 – Baseline | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 0.98 (0.50, 1.91) | 1.13 (0.57, 2.26) | 1.53 (0.77, 3.04) |
| Versus Profile 2 | 1.02 (0.52, 2.00) | -- | 1.16 (0.57, 2.35) | 1.57 (0.81, 3.02) |
| Versus Profile 3 | 0.88 (0.44, 1.76) | 0.86 (0.42, 1.76) | -- | 1.35 (0.72, 2.52) |
| Versus Profile 4 | 0.65 (0.33, 1.30) | 0.64 (0.33, 1.23) | 0.74 (0.40, 1.38) | -- |
| Treatment contrast, MET =1 – Baseline | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 0.86 (0.43, 1.73) | 1.72 (0.84, 3.50) | 1.47 (0.75, 2.88) |
| Versus Profile 2 | 1.16 (0.58, 2.35) | -- | 2.00 (0.94, 4.24) | 1.71 (0.87, 3.36) |
| Versus Profile 3 | 0.58 (0.29, 1.18) | 0.50 (0.24, 1.06) | -- | 0.09 (0.05, 1.64) |
| Versus Profile 4 | 0.68 (0.35, 1.32) | 0.58 (0.30, 1.14) | 1.17 (0.62, 2.22) | -- |
| Marital status, married =1 – Baseline | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 0.90 (0.50, 1.63) | 0.76 (0.42, 1.36) | 0.84 (0.47, 1.50) |
| Versus Profile 2 | 1.11 (0.62, 2.00) | -- | 0.84 (0.45. 1.55) | 0.93 (0.53, 1.64) |
| Versus Profile 3 | 1.32 (0.73, 2.38) | 1.19 (0.65, 2.20) | -- | 1.11 (0.07, 1.88) |
| Versus Profile 4 | 1.19 (0.67, 2.14) | 1.08 (0.61, 1.90) | 0.90 (0.53, 1.53) | -- |
| Race, Non-Hispanic White =1 – Baseline | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 1.28 (0.58, 2.83) | 0.75 (0.32, 1.79) | 1.81 (0.83, 3.98) |
| Versus Profile 2 | 0.78 (0.35, 1.73) | -- | 0.59 (0.24, 1.46) | 1.42 (0.68, 2.96) |
| Versus Profile 3 | 1.33 (0.56, 3.15) | 1.70 (0.68, 4.20) | -- | 2.41 (1.09, 5.31)* |
| Versus Profile 4 | 0.55 (0.25, 1.21) | 0.70 (0.35, 1.42) | 0.42 (0.19, 0.91)* | -- |
| Age – Baseline | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 1.03 (1.001, 1.06)* |
| Versus Profile 2 | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | -- | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) |
| Versus Profile 3 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | -- | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) |
| Versus Profile 4 | 0.97 (0.94, 0.999)* | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 0.97 (0.94, 1.00) | -- |
| Alcohol dependence severity (ADS) – Baseline | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) |
| Versus Profile 2 | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | -- | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) |
| Versus Profile 3 | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | -- | 0.94 (0.90, 0.98)** |
| Versus Profile 4 | 1.02 (0.98, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.07) | 1.06 (1.02, 1.11)** | -- |
| Social support for drinking (IPA) – Baseline | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 1.05 (0.81, 1.36) | 0.98 (0.74, 1.28) | 1.31 (1.003, 1.71)* |
| Versus Profile 2 | 0.96 (0.74, 1.24) | -- | 0.93 (0.69, 1.25) | 1.25 (0.95, 1.64) |
| Versus Profile 3 | 1.03 (0.78, 1.35) | 1.07 (0.80, 1.44) | -- | 1.34 (1.03, 1.75)* |
| Versus Profile 4 | 0.76 (0.59, 0.99)* | 0.80 (0.61, 1.05) | 0.74 (0.57, 0.97)* | -- |
| Low risk drinking or abstinence – Treatment | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 0.43 (0.23, 0.80)** | 0.80 (0.42, 1.51) | 0.31 (0.16, 0.56)*** |
| Versus Profile 2 | 2.32 (1.25, 4.29)** | -- | 1.86 (0.97, 3.58) | 0.71 (0.38, 1.31) |
| Versus Profile 3 | 1.26 (0.66, 2.36) | 0.54 (0.28, 1.04) | -- | 0.38 (0.22, 0.67)** |
| Versus Profile 4 | 3.28 (1.78, 6.03)*** | 1.41 (0.77, 2.60) | 2.62 (1.50, 4.59)** | -- |
| Coping (PCQ) – End of Treatment | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 0.42 (0.25, 0.71)** | 1.22 (0.75, 1.99) | 0.66 (0.39, 1.10) |
| Versus Profile 2 | 2.38 (1.41, 3.99)** | -- | 2.89 (1.65, 5.07)*** | 1.56 (0.92, 2.63) |
| Versus Profile 3 | 0.82 (0.50, 1.34) | 0.35 (0.20, 0.06)*** | -- | 0.54 (0.32, 0.90)* |
| Versus Profile 4 | 1.53 (0.91, 2.55) | 0.64 (0.38, 1.08) | 1.86 (1.13, 3.04)* | -- |
| Psychiatric severity (ASI) – 1 year | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 0.78 (0.65, 0.93)** | 1.03 (0.82, 1.28) | 1.03 (0.81, 1.31) |
| Versus Profile 2 | 1.29 (1.07, 1.55)** | -- | 1.32 (1.06, 1.66)* | 1.33 (1.03, 1.71)* |
| Versus Profile 3 | 0.97 (0.78, 1.21) | 0.77 (0.60. 0.95)* | -- | 1.00 (0.78, 1.29) |
| Versus Profile 4 | 0.97 (0.77, 1.23) | 0.75 (0.59, 0.96)* | 1.00 (0.78, 1.27) | -- |
| Depression (BDI) – 1 year | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 1.04 (0.98, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) | 1.07 (1.004, 1.14)* |
| Versus Profile 2 | 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) | -- | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) |
| Versus Profile 3 | 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | -- | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) |
| Versus Profile 4 | 0.93 (0.87, 0.996)* | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | -- |
| Anger (STAX) – 1 year | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12)* | 1.08 (1.03, 1.14)* |
| Versus Profile 2 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | -- | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13)* | 1.09 (1.04, 1.15)** |
| Versus Profile 3 | 0.94 (0.89, 0.99)* | 0.93 (0.88, 0.99)* | -- | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) |
| Versus Profile 4 | 0.92 (0.88, 0.97)* | 0.92 (0.87, 0.96)** | 0.98 (0.94. 1.03) | -- |
| Purpose in Life (PIL) – 1 year | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.95, 0.997)* | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) |
| Versus Profile 2 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | -- | 0.97 (0.94, 0.99)** | 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) |
| Versus Profile 3 | 1.03 (1.003, 1.05)* | 1.04 (1.01, 1.06)** | -- | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) |
| Versus Profile 4 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.01) | -- |
| Social support from family (SSQ) – 3 years | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 1.11 (0.96, 1.29) | 0.95 (0.81, 1.11) | 0.84 (0.80, 0.996)* |
| Versus Profile 2 | 0.90 (0.77, 1.04) | -- | 0.85 (0.72, 1.00) | 0.75 (0.64, 0.88)*** |
| Versus Profile 3 | 1.06 (0.90, 1.24) | 1.17 (1.00, 1.38) | -- | 0.88 (0.74, 1.05) |
| Versus Profile 4 | 1.19 (1.004, 1.42)* | 1.33 (1.14, 1.55)*** | 1.13 (0.96, 1.34) | -- |
| Social support from friends (SSQ) – 3 years | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 1.11 (0.93, 1.31) | 1.00 (0.84, 1.19) | 0.86 (0.73, 1.03) |
| Versus Profile 2 | 0.90 (0.76, 1.07) | -- | 0.90 (0.76, 1.07) | 0.78 (0.66, 0.92)** |
| Versus Profile 3 | 1.00 (0.84, 1.18) | 1.11 (0.93, 1.31) | -- | 0.86 (0.73, 1.01) |
| Versus Profile 4 | 1.16 (0.98, 1.37) | 1.28 (1.09, 1.51)** | 1.16 (0.99, 1.36) | -- |
| AA involvement (AAI) – 3 years | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 0.83 (0.70, 0.97)* | 0.86 (0.72, 1.04) | 0.75 (0.62, 0.89)** |
| Versus Profile 2 | 1.21 (1.03, 1.43)* | -- | 1.04 (0.89, 1.23) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) |
| Versus Profile 3 | 1.16 (0.96, 1.40) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.13) | -- | 0.87 (0.85, 0.998)* |
| Versus Profile 4 | 1.34 (1.12, 1.60)** | 1.11 (0.96, 1.28) | 1.16 (1.002, 1.33)* | -- |
| Self-efficacy (AASE) – 3 years | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 0.41 (0.29, 0.57)*** | 0.55 (0.40, 0.74)*** | 0.20 (0.14, 0.29)*** |
| Versus Profile 2 | 2.46 (1.75, 3.46)*** | -- | 1.34 (0.98, 1.83) | 0.50 (0.36, 0.69)*** |
| Versus Profile 3 | 1.83 (1.35, 2.49)*** | 0.75 (0.55, 1.02) | -- | 0.37 (0.28, 0.49)*** |
| Versus Profile 4 | 4.94 (3.43, 7.11)*** | 2.01 (1.46, 2.77)*** | 2.69 (2.04, 3.55)*** | -- |
| Cigarettes per day – 3 years | ||||
| Versus Profile 1 | -- | 1.02 (1.002, 1.05)* | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.03 (1.008, 1.05)** |
| Versus Profile 2 | 0.98 (0.96, 0.998)* | -- | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) |
| Versus Profile 3 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | -- | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) |
| Versus Profile 4 | 097 (0.95, 0.99)** | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | -- |
Note.
*
p<.05;
**
p<.01;
***
p<.001. All covariates listed in Table 2 were included in the models. IPA=Important People and Activities; ADS=Alcohol Dependence Scale; PCQ=Process of Change Questionnaire; ASI=Addiction Severity Index; BDI=Beck Depression Inventory; STAX=State Trait Anger Expression Inventory; PIL=Purpose in Life Test; SSQ=Social Support Questionnaire; AAI=Alcoholics’ Anonymous Involvement Scale; AASE=Alcohol Abstinence Self-Efficacy Scale. The BDI, STAX, and PIL were not administered at the 3-year post-treatment assessment time point.