Table 1.
Population Characteristics and Longitudinal Lung Function
| Variable | WTC-Exposed No BD-PFT (N = 7,404) | BD-PFT Study Population (N = 2,137) |
Subpopulation With Serum Biomarkers (n = 215) | P Valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Post-BD FEV1/FVC ≥ 0.7 (n = 1,823) |
Post-BD FEV1/FVC < 0.7 (n = 314) |
||||
| Age on 9/11, yb | 39.9 ± 7.6 | 40.5 ± 6.7 | 44.0 ± 6.8 | 41.0 ± 6.8 | < .001 |
| BMI, kg/m2b,c | 28.7 ± 3.4 | 29.2 ± 3.5 | 28.5 ± 3.3 | 28.7 ± 3.3 | < .001 |
| Smoking status, No. (%)c | |||||
| Never | 5,031 (67.9) | 1,229 (67.4) | 142 (45.2) | 185 (86.0) | < .001 |
| Former | 2,143 (28.9) | 542 (29.7) | 148 (47.1) | 22 (10.2) | |
| Current | 230 (3.1) | 52 (2.9) | 24 (7.6) | 8 (3.7) | |
| Race, No. (%) | |||||
| White | 6,971 (94.2) | 1,719 (94.3) | 299 (95.2) | 208 (96.7) | < .001 |
| Black | 174 (2.3) | 36 (2.0) | 10 (3.2) | 4 (1.9) | |
| Hispanic | 234 (3.2) | 66 (3.6) | 5 (1.6) | 3 (1.4) | |
| Other | 25 (0.3) | 2 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | |
| WTC arrival time, No. (%) | |||||
| Morning of 9/11 | 1,129 (15.3) | 366 (20.1) | 52 (16.6) | 37 (17.2) | < .001 |
| Afternoon on 9/11–9/12 | 5,322 (71.9) | 1,295 (71.0) | 223 (71.0) | 168 (78.1) | |
| 9/13 to 9/24 | 953 (12.9) | 162 (8.9) | 39 (12.4) | 10 (4.7) | |
| Pre-9/11 spirometry | |||||
| FEV1, Lb | 4.43 ± 0.68d | 4.38 ± 0.69e | 3.94 ± 0.74f | 4.32 ± 0.69g | < .001 |
| FEV1 % predictedb | 105.9 ± 13.3d | 104.3 ± 13.7e | 95.2 ± 15.4f | 103.3 ± 14.2g | < .001 |
| FEV1/FVCb | 0.85 ± 0.05d | 0.85 ± 0.05e | 0.78 ± 0.07e,f | 0.84 ± 0.05g | < .001 |
| Post-9/11 spirometry | |||||
| FEV1, Lb,c | 4.05 ± 0.65 | 3.96 ± 0.65 | 3.46 ± 0.73 | 3.92 ± 0.70 | < .001 |
| FEV1 % predictedb,c | 97.8 ± 12.9 | 95.4 ± 13.5 | 85.2 ± 15.3 | 94.4 ± 14.4 | < .001 |
| FEV1/FVCb,c | 0.84 ± 0.05 | 0.84 ± 0.05 | 0.74 ± 0.07 | 0.83 ± 0.06 | < .001 |
| Post-9/11 FEV1 slope, mL/yb | –35.1 ± 30.8 | –37.8 ± 32.4 | –47.5 ± 36.3 | –41.1 ± 37.0 | < .001 |
| Blood eosinophil concentration | |||||
| Pre-9/11 cells/μLb | 154 ± 109h | 162 ± 117i | 186 ± 144j | 153 ± 104k | < .001 |
| Post-9/11 cells/μLb,c | 184 ± 126l | 194 ± 136m | 231 ± 175n | 198 ± 132 | < .001 |
BD = bronchodilator; PFT = pulmonary function test; WTC = World Trade Center.
a
ANOVA or χ2 test comparing values in first three columns.
b
Mean ± SD.
c
Value on first post-9/11 monitoring examination.
d
N = 6,836.
e
N = 1,686.
f
N = 285.
g
N = 209.
h
N = 3,295.
i
N = 857.
j
N = 151.
k
N = 109.
l
N = 7,388.
m
N = 1,815.
n
N = 314.