Table 2.
Characteristics of participants with normal liver, steatosis, and F2 fibrosis, Cameron County Hispanic Cohort
| Parameters | Healthya Estimateb (95% CI) | Steatosis Estimate (95% CI) | Fibrosis Estimate (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Age (years) | 51.8 (48.0 - 55.6) | 52.5 (48.5 - 56.5) | 45.1 (38.9 - 51.4) | 0.1245 |
| Male Sex | 42.2 (33.4 - 51.0) | 39.5 (28.0 - 51.0) | 55.9 (39.6 - 72.3) | 0.2908 |
| No Insurance (< 65 years) | 57.5 (46.8 - 68.3) | 61.8 (49.9 - 73.7) | 68.6 (49.1 - 88.2) | 0.5859 |
| Born in US | 28.5 (20.3 - 36.7) | 22.9 (14.4 - 31.3) | 35.2 (15.5 - 55.0) | 0.4247 |
| Family History of Diabetes | 29.1 (20.5 - 37.7) | 33.7 (22.7 - 44.7) | 21.6 (6.6 - 36.6) | 0.4243 |
| Diabetesc | 23.2 (13.7 - 32.7) | 36.6 (26.8 - 46.5) | 27.5 (12.0 - 42.9) | 0.1581 |
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 104.0 (97.4 - 110.6) | 124.8 (107.8 - 141.7) | 111.9 (87.9 - 135.8) | 0.0839 |
| Hemoglobin A1C (%) | 6.1 (5.8 - 6.5) | 6.7 (6.2 - 7.2) | 6.4 (5.7 - 7.2) | 0.1951 |
| Insulin | 9.4 (8.3 - 10.5) | 14.7 (12.6 - 16.9) | 10.5 (7.6 - 13.4) | 0.0001* |
| HOMA-IR | 2.4 (2.1 - 2.7) | 4.4 (3.5 - 5.3) | 2.8 (1.8 - 3.8) | 0.0003* |
| Hypertensiond | 40.2 (30.1 - 50.2) | 43.0 (27.6 - 58.4) | 40.1 (20.1 - 60.1) | 0.9465 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg)e | 117.9 (114.4 - 121.3) | 120.2 (116.5 - 123.8) | 116.5 (108.0 - 125.1) | 0.5526 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 70.5 (68.8 - 72.3) | 73.1 (71.2 - 75.0) | 71.2 (66.6 - 75.9) | 0.0931 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 127.7 (116.4 - 139.0) | 161.9 (148.3 - 175.6) | 134.2 (94.5 - 173.9) | 0.0009* |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 178.5 (170.0 - 187.0) | 180.6 (173.5 - 187.8) | 172.4 (155.5 - 189.4) | 0.6737 |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 107.3 (101.2 - 113.3) | 104.5 (97.9 - 111.1) | 97.4 (87.2 - 107.7) | 0.2879 |
| HDL Cholesterol, mean (mg/dL) | 47.7 (45.7 - 49.8) | 41.9 (40.1 - 43.6) | 46.1 (42.1 - 50.2) | <0.0001* |
| AST (units/L) | 21.3 (19.6 - 23.0) | 27.7 (22.0 - 33.5) | 34.2 (19.5 - 48.9) | 0.0313 |
| ALT (units/L) | 29.3 (26.2 - 30.3) | 44.5 (32.4 - 56.6) | 39.5 (28.7 - 50.4) | 0.0053* |
| AST/ALT Ratio | 0.77 (0.73 - 0.82) | 0.72 (0.61 - 0.83) | 0.83 (0.74 - 0.92) | 0.2464 |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 29.5 (21.4 - 37.5) | 56.2 .0(45 - 67.3) | 39.1 (22.9 - 55.3) | 0.0006* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.6 (27.9 - 29.4) | 31.5 (30.7 - 32.4) | 28.1 (26.2 - 29.9) | <0.0001* |
| Elevated waist circumferencef | 57.2 (47.8 - 66.5) | 77.0 (65.8 - 88.2) | 58.5 (40.6 - 76.4) | 0.0234 |
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 97.9 (95.5 - 100.3) | 104.8 (102.6 - 106.9) | 98.7 (93.9 - 103.5) | <0.0001* |
| Platelet count (103/μL) | 236 (224 - 248) | 241.4 (228.3 - 254.4) | 219.2 (200.5 - 238.0) | 0.1374 |
| Albumin (mg/dL) | 3.9 (3.8 - 4.0) | 4.9 (3.9 - 4.0) | 3.9 (3.8 - 4.0) | 0.5477 |
| Total Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 2.2 (0.0 - 5.2) | 0.7 (0.4 - 1.0) | 0.7 (0.4 - 1.0) | 0.5936 |
| Anti-HCV Positive | 0.3 (0.0 - 1.0) | 2.6 (0.0 - 5.3) | 5.7 (0.0 - 12.5) | 0.0157 |
| HBsAg Positive | 0.0 (0.0 - 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0 - 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0 - 0.0) | N/A |
| Drinks per week | 1.8 (0.7 - 2.9) | 2.1 (0.8 - 3.4) | 5.4 (1.8 - 8.9) | 0.1737 |
| Heavy Drinkingg | 2.5 (0.0 - 6.9) | 1.8 (0.0 - 4.5) | 12.4 (0.0 - 27.1) | 0.0639 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HOMA-IR, homeostatis model of insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, Body Mass Index; Anti-HCV, hepatitis C Virus antibody; HBsAg, Hepatitis B Surface Antigen.
Note. Statistical tests significant at the 5% level after correction for false discovery rate are marked with an asterisk.
Healthy indicates no evidence of steatosis and liver stiffness ≤ 1.34; steatosis indicates evidence of steatosis and liver stiffness ≤ 1.34 m/s; fibrosis indicates liver stiffness > 1.34 m/s with or without steatosis
For continuous variables, mean; for categorical variables, proportion. P-values calculated from ANOVA for continuous variables and from Rao-Scott χ2 test for categorical variables
According to American Diabetes Association 2010 Diagnostic Guidelines
Systolic Blood Pressure > 135 or Diastolic Blood Pressure > 85 or taking antihypertensive medication.
Blood pressure analyses are adjusted for self-reported use of antihypertensive medication
Defined as waist circumference > 102 for men and > 88 for women
Defined as self-reported consumption of >21 drinks per week for men, and >14 drinks per week for women.