Fig. 1.

a Morphology of Giemsa stained spermatozoa following the sperm chromatin dispersion test (Halosperm G2) resulting in the differentiation of three main sperm nuclear morphotypes: (1) normal sperm free of sperm DNA fragmentation and displaying large or moderate sized haloes around a compact core; (2) fragmented sperm displaying small or absence of haloes and (3) fragmented (degraded) sperm showing varying size of the faintly stained nuclear core (b–e). (Scale bar = 25 μm)