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. 2018 Dec 5;9:605. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00605

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Copyright © 2018 Li, Jiang, Yan, Li, Mu and Deng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions (ω) in the 13 protein-coding mitochondrial genes of flying and flightless grasshoppers based on free-ratio model. Boxes include 50% of values; ω is not significantly different between the flying and flightless grasshoppers for any gene. ATP6, P = 0.93; ATP8, P = 0.83; COX1, P = 0.63; COX2, P = 0.36; COX3, P = 0.87; CYTB, P = 0.50; ND1, P = 0.87; ND2, P = 0.50; ND3, P = 0.11; ND4, P = 0.24; ND4L, P = 0.76; ND5, P = 0.12; ND6, P = 0.72. (B) Ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions (ω) in the 13 protein-coding mitochondrial genes of flying and flightless grasshoppers based on 3 vs. 2 ratio model. Genes with a significant difference in rates are marked with an asterisk; in all two cases, the dN/dS ratio is higher in the flightless lineages than in their flight-capable counterparts. Dashed lines signify the mean ω values; flying: 0.036 and flightless: 0.040.