TABLE 1—
Characteristics of Participants by Change in Housing Status: Health Resources and Services Administration Special Projects of National Significance “Building a Medical Home for Multiply Diagnosed HIV-Positive Homeless Populations” Initiative, in 9 US Sites, 2013–2017
| Baseline Characteristics | Total, No. (%) or Mean ±SD | Became or Remained Unstably Housed, No. (%) or Mean ±SD | Maintained or Improved Housing Stability, No. (%) or Mean ±SD | P |
| Total | 283 (40.4) | 417 (59.6) | ||
| Gender | .14 | |||
| Male | 516 (73.7) | 212 (74) | 304 (72.9) | |
| Female | 150 (21.4) | 53 (18.7) | 97 (23.3) | |
| Transgender or other | 34 (4.9) | 18 (6.4) | 16 (3.8) | |
| Race/ethnicity | .30 | |||
| African American/Black | 327 (46.9) | 127 (45.2) | 200 (48.1) | |
| Hispanic | 144 (20.7) | 58 (20.6) | 86 (20.7) | |
| White | 177 (25.4) | 70 (24.9) | 107 (25.7) | |
| Other (including multiracial) | 49 (7.0) | 26 (9.3) | 23 (5.5) | |
| Age, y | 43.5 ±10.5 | 43.7 ±10.1 | 43.4 ±10.9 | .68 |
| ≤ 30 | 110 (15.7) | 36 (12.7) | 74 (17.7) | .11 |
| 31–54 | 492 (70.3) | 211 (74.6) | 281 (67.4) | |
| ≥ 55 | 98 (14.0) | 36 (12.7) | 62 (14.9) | |
| Education | .19 | |||
| < high school | 225 (32.2) | 101 (35.9) | 124 (29.7) | |
| High school | 229 (32.8) | 84 (29.9) | 145 (34.8) | |
| > high school | 244 (35.0) | 96 (34.2) | 148 (35.5) | |
| Housing status | < .001 | |||
| Unstable | 579 (82.7) | 262 (92.6) | 317 (76.0) | |
| Temporary | 121 (17.3) | 21 (7.4) | 100 (24.0) | |
| Number of years homeless | 6.28 ±8.16 | 7.59 ±8.80 | 5.39 ±7.58 | .005 |
| Recent incarceration (past 12 mo) | 231 (33.3) | 108 (38.2) | 123 (29.5) | .02 |
| Trauma history, lifetime | ||||
| Physical injury, harm | 304 (43.5) | 135 (47.7) | 169 (40.6) | .06 |
| Sexually assaulted | 281 (40.3) | 103 (36.4) | 178 (43.0) | .08 |
| Social support score | 11.3 ±5.2 | 10.7 ±5.0 | 11.7 ±5.3 | .01 |
| Self-efficacy score | ||||
| Getting information | 8.7 ±2.3 | 8.5 ±2.4 | 8.8 ±2.2 | .08 |
| Obtaining help | 5.7 ±2.4 | 5.5 ±2.5 | 5.9 ±2.4 | .07 |
| Communicating with physician | 8.7 ±2.0 | 8.5 ±2.3 | 8.9 ±1.8 | .02 |
| No health insurance | 256 (36.7) | 95 (33.6) | 161 (38.6) | .19 |
| Food insecurity | 406 (58.4) | 189 (67.3) | 217 (52.4) | < .001 |
| Number of unmet needs | 3.5 ±2.3 | 3.9 ±2.3 | 3.2 ±2.2 | < .001 |
| Number of barriers to care | 3.3 ±3.2 | 3.9 ±3.4 | 2.9 ±3.0 | < .001 |
| Moderate to high risk for substance use | ||||
| Alcohol | 288 (41.1) | 124 (43.8) | 164 (39.3) | .23 |
| Cocaine | 351 (50.1) | 158 (55.8) | 193 (46.3) | .01 |
| Opioids | 144 (20.6) | 73 (25.8) | 71 (17.0) | .005 |
| Amphetamines | 237 (33.9) | 120 (42.4) | 117 (28.1) | < .001 |
| Moderate to severe depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 10) | 522 (74.7) | 214 (75.6) | 308 (74.0) | .63 |
| Time living with HIV, y | 11.0 ±8.8 | 11.2 ±8.9 | 10.9 ±8.8 | .68 |
| Health-related quality of life | ||||
| Physical composite score | 37.8 ±12.3 | 36.8 ±12.5 | 38.5 ±12.1 | .07 |
| Mental composite score | 34.9 ±12.9 | 34.3 ±3.2 | 35.3 ±12.8 | .31 |
| Virally suppressed (HIV-1 RNA < 200 copies/mL) | 309 (49.9) | 106 (42.6) | 203 (54.9) | .002 |
Note. CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale.