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. 2018 Sep 4;33(12):1219–1228. doi: 10.1007/s10654-018-0436-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 4 — Illustrates how a crude natural direct effect estimate of 1.48 and a crude natural indirect effect estimate of 1.05 (the intercept on y-axis) would change under different magnitudes of confounding by a binary unmeasured variable U. The difference between the observed effect and bias-corrected-effect is depicted on the Y-axis, and the difference in prevalence of U between non-smokers and smokers is depicted on the X-axis. The colored lines are a range of plausible values for the effect of U on ischemic stroke. (Color figure online)