Table 1.
Characteristics of CCI Sample and Controls
| Patients Treated at Non-CCI Practices, 2008–2010 (n = 2577) | Patients Treated at CCI Practices, 2008–2010 (n = 302) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Patient Characteristics | |||
| Gender, male, n (%) | 1318 (51.1% ) | 137 (45.4%) | |
| Race, n (%) | |||
| White | 562 (21.8%) | 43 (14.2%) | |
| African American | 1455 (56.5%) | 230 (76.2%) | |
| Other | 560 (21.7%) | 29 (9.6%) | |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 44.9 (10.8) | 45.5 (10.7) | |
| Comorbidity index,a mean (SD) | 2.42 (1.89) | 3.29 (2.15) | |
| Pre–index episode per patient cost per month eligible, $, mean (SD) | 2721.29 (6323.52) | 2951.48 (4854.14) | |
| Chronic Medical Disorders | ICD-9 Codes | ||
| Asthma, n (%) | 493 | 1222 (47.8%) | 151 (50.0%) |
| CHF, n (%) | 40201, 40211, 40291, 40401, 40403, 40411, 40413, 40491, 40493, 4280–4282, 4284, 4289 | 480 (18.6%) | 67 (22.2%) |
| COPD, n (%) | 494, 496, 500–505, 510, 515, 4920, 4928, 49320–49322, 4940, 5060, 5081, 5100, 5109, 5160–5163, 5168, 5169, 5171, 5172, 5181–5183, 51882–51884 | 1263 (49.0%) | 140 (46.3%) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 250, 3572, 3620, 36641, 6480 | 1009 (39.2%) | 110 (36.4%) |
| Substance use disorder (any), n (%)b | 291, 292, 303–305 | 940 (36.5%) | 141 (46.7%) |
| Opioids | 594 (22.1%) | 87 (28.8%) | |
| Cocaine | 338 (13.1%) | 61 (20.2%) | |
| Alcohol | 110 (4.3%) | 29 (9.6%) | |
| Tobacco | 122 (4.7%) | 13 (4.3%) | |
| Psychiatric disorder (any), n (%)b | 290, 293–302, 306–315 | 1420 (55.1%) | 185 (61.3%) |
| Major depressive disorder | 235 (9.1%) | 45 (14.9%) | |
| Schizophrenia/ schizoaffective disorder | 232 (9.0%) | 42 (13.9%) | |
| Bipolar disorder | 153 (5.9%) | 31 (10.3%) | |
| PTSD | 53 (2.1%) | 13 (4.3%) | |
| Anxiety disorder (any) | 305 (11.8%) | 40 (13.3%) | |
| Substance use or psychiatric disorder, n (%)b | 1749 (67.9%) | 223 (73.8%) |
CCI indicates Chronic Care Initiative; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.
Comorbidity index was calculated without the HIV/AIDS variable using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality software tool (hcup-us.ahrq.gov/toolssoftware/comorbidity/comorbidity.jsp).
These values represent claims for the respective disorders in the 1 year prior to the index date. Patients were included in the sample if they had behavioral health claims at any point between 2005 and 2010. Thus, the proportion of patients with a substance use or psychiatric disorder claim in this table is not 100%. Also, some patients had more than 1 of the 4 medical disorders. (Thus, the sum of the 4 columns of medical disorders is greater than the total N).