Table 5.
Comparison of the range of anions in water extracts of drilling waste with research data conducted by other researchers and with irrigation guidelines, surface water discharge criteria (SDW), and toxicity values for D. magna and P. promelas
Samples | Anions (mg kg−1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Br− | Cl− | F− | NO3− | PO43− | SO32− | |
DF5 | ND | 24.40 | ND | ND | ND | 0.87 |
C5 | ND | 5.70 | ND | ND | ND | 6.37 |
HFWEa | 851 | 75,100 | ND | ND | – | 199 |
WPa | 15.9 | 9000 | ND | ND | – | 2600 |
SGPWb | ND-10600 | 48.9–212,700 | ND-33 | ND-2670 | ND-5.3 | ND-3663 |
TGSPWb | – | 52–216,000 | – | – | – | 12–48 |
CBMPWb | 0.002–300 | 0.7–70,100 | 0.05–15.22 | 0.002–18.7 | 0.05–1.5 | 0.01–5590 |
NGPWb | 0.038–349 | 1400–190,000 | – | – | – | 1.0–47 |
Water use criteria | ||||||
Irrigation | 1050 | 1 | 10 | 2 | 960 | |
SDW | 230 | 10 | 0.025 | |||
Toxicity values LC50 | 2.7 (15 d Dmc) | 7341 (96 h Ppd) | 315 (96 h Ppe) | 1341 (96 h Ppf) | 100 (96 h Ppg) | |
COCs* | No | No | No | No | No | No |
HFWE hydraulic fracturing well effluent, PW wastewater from pit, SGPW shale gas produced water, TGSPW tight gas sand produced water, CBMPW coalbed methane produced water, NGPW conventional natural gas produced water, ND not detected, – not determined, *COCs are defined as constituents in water extracts of drilling waste that have concentrations in excess of the use guidelines, Dm Daphnia magna, Pp Pimephales promelas
aThacker et al. (2015). bAlley et al. (2011). cCanton and Wegman (1983). dMount et al. (1997). eSmith et al. (1985). fScott and Crunkilton (2000). gEwell et al. (1986)