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. 2018 May 28;25(36):35990–36001. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-2365-8

Table 5.

Comparison of the range of anions in water extracts of drilling waste with research data conducted by other researchers and with irrigation guidelines, surface water discharge criteria (SDW), and toxicity values for D. magna and P. promelas

Samples Anions (mg kg−1)
Br Cl F NO3 PO43− SO32−
DF5 ND 24.40 ND ND ND 0.87
C5 ND 5.70 ND ND ND 6.37
HFWEa 851 75,100 ND ND 199
WPa 15.9 9000 ND ND 2600
SGPWb ND-10600 48.9–212,700 ND-33 ND-2670 ND-5.3 ND-3663
TGSPWb 52–216,000 12–48
CBMPWb 0.002–300 0.7–70,100 0.05–15.22 0.002–18.7 0.05–1.5 0.01–5590
NGPWb 0.038–349 1400–190,000 1.0–47
Water use criteria
Irrigation 1050 1 10 2 960
SDW 230 10 0.025
Toxicity values LC50 2.7 (15 d Dmc) 7341 (96 h Ppd) 315 (96 h Ppe) 1341 (96 h Ppf) 100 (96 h Ppg)
COCs* No No No No No No

HFWE hydraulic fracturing well effluent, PW wastewater from pit, SGPW shale gas produced water, TGSPW tight gas sand produced water, CBMPW coalbed methane produced water, NGPW conventional natural gas produced water, ND not detected, – not determined, *COCs are defined as constituents in water extracts of drilling waste that have concentrations in excess of the use guidelines, Dm Daphnia magna, Pp Pimephales promelas

aThacker et al. (2015). bAlley et al. (2011). cCanton and Wegman (1983). dMount et al. (1997). eSmith et al. (1985). fScott and Crunkilton (2000). gEwell et al. (1986)