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. 2018 Dec 12;8:17800. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36087-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Figure ground modulation of single V1 neurons. (A) Comparison of firing rates of single units in V1 during the early time-window (0–80 ms) elicited by the figure center and background (left, N = 85), and elicited by the figure edge and background (right, N = 59). Red dots illustrate neurons for which the response differed significantly (p < 0.05). (B) Same as A, but during the later time-window (80–300 ms). (C) Average V1 response of single units (N = 59). Before averaging, the activity of individual neurons was normalized by first subtracting the baseline activity and then dividing by the peak response in the ground condition. The purple trace illustrates the time course of figure-ground modulation, which is the difference between the activity elicited by the figure and the background (i.e. blue minus red curve). The green trace shows the average response to the hole condition. The horizontal lines above the x-axis illustrate the early (light brown, 0–80 ms) and late time-windows (dark brown, 80–300 ms) used in the analysis. (D) Single unit response upon presentation of ground and hole stimuli during the transient (y-axis) and the sustained phase (x-axis) (N = 59).